The global rise in animal protein consumption has significantly amplified the demand for fodder.A comprehensive understanding of the diversity and characteristics of existing fodder resources is essential for balanced...The global rise in animal protein consumption has significantly amplified the demand for fodder.A comprehensive understanding of the diversity and characteristics of existing fodder resources is essential for balanced nutritional fodder production.This study investigates the diversity and composition of fodder plants and identifies key species for cattle in Zhaotong City,Yunnan,China,while documenting indigenous knowledge on their usage and selection criteria.Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in 19 villages across seven townships with 140 informants.Data were collected through semi-structured interviews,free listing,and participatory observation,and analyzed using Relative Frequency Citation.A total of 125 taxa(including 106 wild and 19 cultivated)were reported.The most cited family is Poaceae(27 taxa,21.43%),followed by Asteraceae(17 taxa,13.49%),Fabaceae(14 taxa,11.11%),Polygonaceae(9 taxa,7.14%)and Lamiaceae(4 taxa,3.17%).The whole plant(66.04%)and herbaceous plants(84.80%)were the most used parts and life forms.The most cited species were Zea mays,Brassica rapa,Solanum tuberosum,Eragrostis nigra,and Artemisia dubia.Usage of diverse fodder resources reflects local wisdom in managing resource availability and achieving balanced nutrition while coping with environmental and climatic risks.Preferences for certain taxonomic groups are due to their quality as premier fodder resources.To promote integrated crop-livestock farming,we suggest further research into highly preferred fodder species,focusing on nutritional assessment,digestibility,meat quality impacts,and potential as antibiotic alternatives.Establishing germplasm and gene banks for fodder resources is also recommended.展开更多
than 80 Dendrobium species have been reported in China.However,there are only six Dendrobium species,namely,D.bigibbum var.superbum(syn.D.phalaenopsis),D.chrysanthum,D.fimbriatum,D.loddigesii,D.nobile,and D.officinale...than 80 Dendrobium species have been reported in China.However,there are only six Dendrobium species,namely,D.bigibbum var.superbum(syn.D.phalaenopsis),D.chrysanthum,D.fimbriatum,D.loddigesii,D.nobile,and D.officinale(syn.D.candidum),listed in the New Inventory of Existing Cosmetic Ingredients in China Launched.Artificial planting of Dendrobium species has been a great success in China.To better utilize Dendrobium resources for medicinal and cosmetic purposes,we summarize their traditional uses and pharmacologically active compounds for treating dermatological disorders in this review.“Orchidaceae”,“Dendrobium”,“traditional use”,“ethnobotany”,“dermatological disorder”,and“skin disease”were used as search terms to screen the literature.Cited references were collected between 1970 and 2020 from the Web of Science,China National Knowledge Internet(CNKI),SciFinder,Google Scholar,and Chinese books.From the search,it was found that there are 22 Dendrobium species with traditional uses in dermatological disorders,and 131 compounds from Dendrobium plants have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,antioxidant,antiaging,anti-psoriasis,and tyrosinase-inhibitory activities,implying that Dendrobium plants are important resources for the discovery of active compounds and the development of new drugs and cosmetics.D.crepidatum,D.denneanum,D.loddigesii,D.nobile,and D.officinale have been extensively studied.More research on other Dendrobium species is needed.The major active compounds found in Dendrobium species are phenanthrenes,alkaloids,flavonoids,phenylpropanoids,and lignans.Several compounds,such as loddigesiinol A,(S)-5-methoxy-2,4,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene,(S)-4-methoxy-2,5,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene,2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene 2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside,(9R)-1,2,5,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside,(+)-homocrepidine A,and vicenin 2,have significant anti-inflammatory activities and inhibit nitric oxide(NO)production with IC_(50) values less than 5μM,and these compounds are worthy of further study.展开更多
The evolution of photosynthesis is an important feature of mixotrophic plants.Previous inferences proposed that mixotrophic taxa tend to retain most genes relating to photosynthetic functions but vary in plastid gene ...The evolution of photosynthesis is an important feature of mixotrophic plants.Previous inferences proposed that mixotrophic taxa tend to retain most genes relating to photosynthetic functions but vary in plastid gene content.However,no sequence data are available to test this hypothesis in Ericaceae.To investigate changes in plastid genomes that may result from a transition from autotrophy to mixotrophy,the plastomes of two mixotrophic plants,Pyrola decorata and Chimaphila japonica,were sequenced at Illumina's Genome Analyzer and compared to the published plastome of the autotrophic plant Rhododendron simsii,which also belongs to Ericaceae.The greatest discrepancy between mixotrophic and autotrophic plants was that ndh genes for both P.decorata and C.japonica plastomes have nearly all become pseudogenes.P.decorata and C.japonica also retained all genes directly involved in photosynthesis under strong selection.The calculated rate of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions and synonymous substitutions of protein-coding genes(dN/dS) showed that substitution rates in shade plants were apparently higher than those in sunlight plants.The two mixotrophic plastomes were generally very similar to that of non-parasitic plants,although ndh genes were largely pseudogenized.Photosynthesis genes under strong selection were retained in the two mixotrophs,however,with greatly increased substitution rates.Further research is needed to gain a clearer understanding of the evolution of autotrophy and mixotrophy in Ericaceae.展开更多
In the Qinba mountainous area of Central China,pig farming has a significant impact on the growth of the rural economy and has substantially increased farmer incomes.Traditional knowledge plays an important role in th...In the Qinba mountainous area of Central China,pig farming has a significant impact on the growth of the rural economy and has substantially increased farmer incomes.Traditional knowledge plays an important role in the selection of forage plant species for pig farming by local people.This study aimed to identify the forage plants used for pig feeding and to catalog indigenous knowledge regarding their use.During 2016 and 2017,ethnobotanical surveys and inventories were conducted in Zhuxi County,Hubei Province,China.Data were collected using semi-structured interviews,key informant reports,free listings,guided field walks,and participatory observations with 77 households in 16 villages in 13 towns/townships.The obtained data were analyzed using a relative frequency citation(RFC)index.Overall,145 wild forage plants from 91 genera and 31 families were recorded.The most cited families were Asteraceae,Polygonaceae,Urticaceae,Amaranthaceae,Fabaceae,Cruciferae,Caryophyllaceae,and Lamiaceae.Whole plants(75.9%)and tender leaves(12.4%)were the most frequently used parts of the plants.Most of the forage plants were herbaceous(88.9%).Almost all forage plants could be collected throughout the year(62.7%).Raw and cooked were the two main preparation methods.The most frequently cited species were Taraxacum mongolicum,Bidens pilosa,Sonchus oleraceus,Pilea verrucosa,and Pilea pumila var.obtusifolia.A total of 14 species were identified as the top forage plants in Zhuxi County based on their RFC values(RFC value greater than 0.5).Local people possess rich traditional knowledge about the utilization and management of forage plants for pig feeding.However,the maintenance of this traditional knowledge may be seriously threatened by changes in pig feeding modes and the lack of successors.Appropriate strategies and action plans have been suggested for the conservation of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity and the sustainable use of forage species resources.These include 1)taking targeted measures to protect forage resources and associated traditional knowledge;2)strengthening research on the forage plants with the highest RFC values for nutritional value,digestibility,other functions,and ecological status;and 3)enhancing the identification of poisonous forage plants.展开更多
Pleiotropic drug resistance(PDR) transporters are widely distributed membrane proteins catalyzing the export or import of a diverse array of molecules, and are involved in many plant responses to biotic and abiotic st...Pleiotropic drug resistance(PDR) transporters are widely distributed membrane proteins catalyzing the export or import of a diverse array of molecules, and are involved in many plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, it is unclear whether PDRs are involved in Nicotiana attenuata resistance to the necrotic fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. In this study, transcriptional levels of both NaPDR1 and NaPDR1-like were highly induced in N. attenuata leaves after A. alternata inoculation. Interestingly,silencing NaPDR1 or NaPDR1-like individually had little effect on N. attenuata resistance to A. alternata;however, when both genes were co-silenced plants became highly susceptible to the fungus, which was associated with elevated JA and ethylene responses. Neither NaPDR1 nor NaPDR1-like was significantly elicited by exogenous treatment with methyl jasmonate(MeJA), whereas both were highly induced by ethylene. The elicitation levels of both genes by A. alternata were significantly reduced in plants with impaired JA or ethylene signaling pathways. Thus, we conclude that both NaPDR1 and NaPDR1-like function redundantly to confer resistance against A. alternata in N. attenuata, and the elicitation of the transcripts of both genes by the fungus is partially dependent on ethylene and jasmonate signaling.展开更多
Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Euphorbia sikkimensis led to the isolation of one new diterpenoids,named sikkimenoid E(1),together with thirteen other known compounds(2-14).Their structures were est...Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Euphorbia sikkimensis led to the isolation of one new diterpenoids,named sikkimenoid E(1),together with thirteen other known compounds(2-14).Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic methods.Compound 2 was identified to be a trinortriterpenoid,and derived for the first time from a natural source.In this paper we reveal for the first time its comprehensive spectral data and NMR spectral assignment.Compound 4 showed anti-angiogenic activity with an IC_(50) value of 5.66μM in a zebrafish model,and compounds 5 and 6 exhibited cytotoxicity toward A549 cell line with IC_(50) values of 12.12 and 6.45μM,respectively.展开更多
Geological activities and climate oscillations during the Quaternary period profoundly impacted the distribution of species in Southwest China. Some plant species may be harbored in refugia, such as the dry-hot valley...Geological activities and climate oscillations during the Quaternary period profoundly impacted the distribution of species in Southwest China. Some plant species may be harbored in refugia, such as the dry-hot valleys of Southwest China. Cycas chenii X. Gong & W. Zhou, a critically endangered cycad species, which grows under the canopy in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests along the upstream drainage area of the Red River, is endemic to this refugium. In this study, 60 individuals of C. chenii collected from six populations were analyzed by sequencing two chloroplast intergenic spacers(cp DNA:psb A-trn H and trn L-trn F) and two nuclear genes(PHYP and RBP-1). Results showed high genetic diversity at the species level, but low within-population genetic diversity and high interpopulation genetic differentiation. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on cp DNA showed that five chloroplast haplotypes were clustered into two clades, which corresponds to the division of the western and eastern bank of the Red River. These data indicate a possible role for the Red River as a geographic barrier to gene flow in C. chenii.Based on our findings, we propose appropriate in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for C. chenii.展开更多
Dragon Boat Festival herbal markets in the Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of southwestern Guizhou have a long well-conserved history.These markets,which are a feature of Buyi and Miao traditional medici...Dragon Boat Festival herbal markets in the Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of southwestern Guizhou have a long well-conserved history.These markets,which are a feature of Buyi and Miao traditional medicines,contain a rich diversity of medicinal plants and traditional medical knowledge.Today,people in southwestern Guizhou still believe that using herbs during the Dragon Boat Festival prevents and can treat disease.In this study,we identified the fresh herbal plants sold at the herbal markets of Xingren City and Zhenfeng County in Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and quantified their importance.We identified 141 plant species(belonging to 114 genera and 61 families).The plant family with the most species was Asteraceae(14 species).Informants reported that most medicinal plants are herbaceous,with 95.7%of plants used for decoction and 30.5%used for medicinal baths.Medicinal plants are most commonly used to treat rheumatism,injury,and abdominal diseases.The utilization frequency index and relative importance values indicated that Artemisia argyi and Acorus calamus are the most important plants sold at herbal markets during the Dragon Boat Festival.The price of medicinal materials sold in the market may serve as an indicator of the conservation status of species in the region.These findings indicate that the Dragon Boat Festival herbal markets in the Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture fully embodies the characteristics of indigenous ethnomedicine and culture,and also exhibits the diversity of plant resources.We recommend that rare and endangered plants in this region be domesticated and protected.展开更多
Heat stress can restrict plant growth,development,and crop yield.As essential plant antioxidants,carotenoids play significant roles in plant stress resistance.b-carotene hydroxylase(BHY)and b-carotene ketolase(BKT),wh...Heat stress can restrict plant growth,development,and crop yield.As essential plant antioxidants,carotenoids play significant roles in plant stress resistance.b-carotene hydroxylase(BHY)and b-carotene ketolase(BKT),which catalyze the conversions of b-carotene to zeaxanthin and b-carotene to canthaxanthin,respectively,are key enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway,but little is known about their potential functions in stress resistance.Here,we investigated the roles of b-carotene hydroxylase and b-carotene ketolase during heat stress in Physcomitrella patens through expressing a b-carotene ketolase gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii(Cr BKT)and a b-carotene hydroxylase gene from Haematococcus pluvialis(Hp BHY)in the moss P.patens.In transgenic moss expressing these genes,carotenoids content increased(especially lutein content),and heat stress tolerance increased,with reduced leafy tissue necrosis.To investigate the mechanism of this heat stress resistance,we measured various physiological indicators and found a lower malondialdehyde level,higher peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities,and higher endogenous abscisic acid and salicylate content in the transgenic plants in response to high-temperature stress.These results demonstrate that Cr BKT and Hp BHY increase plant heat stress resistance through the antioxidant and damage repair metabolism,which is related to abscisic acid and salicylate signaling.展开更多
Paphiopedilum dianthum and P.micranthum are two endangered orchid species,with high ornamental and conservation values.They are sympatric species,but their leaf anatomical traits and flowering period have significant ...Paphiopedilum dianthum and P.micranthum are two endangered orchid species,with high ornamental and conservation values.They are sympatric species,but their leaf anatomical traits and flowering period have significant differences.However,it is unclear whether the differences in leaf structure of the two species will affect their adaptabilities to temperature.Here,we investigated the leaf photosynthetic,anatomical,and flowering traits of these two species at three sites with different temperatures(Kunming,16.7±0.2°C;Puer,17.7±0.2°C;Menglun,23.3±0.2°C)in southwest China.Compared with those at Puer and Kunming,the values of light-saturated photosynthetic rate(Pmax).stomatai conductance(gs),leaf thickness(LT),and stomatai density(SD)in both species were lower at Menglun.The values of Pmax,gs,仃,adaxial cuticle thickness(CTad)and SD in P.dianthum were higher than those of P.micranthum at the three sites.Compared with P.dianthum,there were no flowering plants of P.micranthum at Menglun.These results indicated that both species were less resistance to high temperature,and P.dianthum had a stronger adaptability to high-temperature than P.micranthum.Our findings can provide valuable information for the conservation and cultivation of Paphiopedilum species.展开更多
Zingiber cassumunar is an important plant used in traditional medicine and as a natural mosquito re-pellent.However,the compounds responsible for the repellent activity of the plant are still unknown.The aim of the st...Zingiber cassumunar is an important plant used in traditional medicine and as a natural mosquito re-pellent.However,the compounds responsible for the repellent activity of the plant are still unknown.The aim of the study is to identify the components of Z.cassumunar essential oil that show repellent activity against Aedes albopictus.We also evaluated the larvicidal and adulticidal activities of Z.cassumunar essential oil against Ae.albopictus.In-cage mosquito repellent experiments showed that Z.cassumunar essential oil possessed moderate repellent activity with a minimum effective dose(MED)of 0.16±0.01 mg/cm^(20,compared to reference standard N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide(DEET,0.03±0.01 mg/cm^(20).Bioassay-guided fractionation identified the major active compound of Z.cassumunar essential oil as(-)-terpinen-4-ol(1)(MED:0.19±0 mg/cm^(20).We also found that Z.cassumunar essential oil showed moderate larvicidal activity against first instar larvae of Ae.albopictus with a LC50(50%lethal concentration)of 44.9 mg/L after 24 h.Fumigation bioassays showed that Z.cassumunar essential oil exhibits moderate adulticidal activity against Ae.albopictus with a LC50 of 5.44%,while(-)-terpinen-4-ol showed significant adulticidal activity with a LC50 of 2.10%after 24 h.This study verifies that the Z.cassumunar essential oil has mosquito repellent activity,and that(-)-terpinen-4-ol is mainly responsible for this activity.Furthermore,this study provides scientific support for the folk usage of Z.cassumunar essential oil as mosquito repellent and indicates that Z.cassumunar essential oil and(-)-terpinen-4-ol can be used as plant-derived repellents and insecticides for mosquito control.展开更多
One novel spirolactone,aquilarisinolide(1),three new sesquiterpenoids,(2R,4S,5R,7R)-2-hydroxyeremophila-9,11-dien-8-one(2),(1R,4S,5S,7R,11R)-13-hydroxyepidaphnauran-9-en-8-one(3),and(4R,5S,7R,8S,10S,13R)-8,13-dihydrox...One novel spirolactone,aquilarisinolide(1),three new sesquiterpenoids,(2R,4S,5R,7R)-2-hydroxyeremophila-9,11-dien-8-one(2),(1R,4S,5S,7R,11R)-13-hydroxyepidaphnauran-9-en-8-one(3),and(4R,5S,7R,8S,10S,13R)-8,13-dihydroxyrotunda-1,11-dien-3-one(4),together with 13 known compounds(5-17)were isolated from the resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis(Thymelaeaceae).The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of NMR and MS data and theoretical calculations their ECD spectra.The isolated compounds were evaluated for their protective activities against PC12 cell injury induced by corticosterone(CORT)and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine ion(MPP+),as well as inhibitory activities against BACE1.Compound 4,5,6-dihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone(5),daphnauranol B(7),6-methoxy-2-[2-(3-methyoxyphenyl)ethyl]chromone(10),isoagarotetrol(14),and 1-hydroxy-1,5-diphenylpentan-3-one(16)showed significant protective effects on CORT-induced injury in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20μM(P<0.001).Isoagarotetrol(14)showed a significant protective effect on MPP+-induced injury in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20μM(P<0.001),while compound 4 showed a moderate activity(P<0.01).The BACE1-inhibitory activities of all tested compounds were very weak with less than 30%inhibition at a concentration of 20μM.展开更多
Wild fodder plants are valuable because they provide an important livestock feed resource globally,especially for smallholder farmers,and have important roles in natural resource management.In-depth knowledge of wild ...Wild fodder plants are valuable because they provide an important livestock feed resource globally,especially for smallholder farmers,and have important roles in natural resource management.In-depth knowledge of wild forage plants can motivate local people for feed resource and habitat conservation of threatened herbivores such as Mithun(Bos frontalis).Mithun occur in small patches in the mountains of Dulongjiang,nearby villagers domesticated this animal but left animal to freely graze in the mountains.Many fodder plants occur in these mountains,however,little is known about their nutritional value.We conducted an ethnobotanical survey to document important wild fodder plants consumed by mithun in the Dulongjiang Township.The nutritional content of 21 highly mentioned wild fodder plants in an ethnobotanical survey was examined.Laboratory analysis showed that Fagopyrum dibotrys were the fodder species with the highest crude protein(CP)content(26.89%),followed by Polygonum molle(21.88%)and Hydrangea longipes(21.12%).Synthesis of relative feed value index and grey relational grade,P.molle,H.longipes and Tetrastigma obtectum were ranked the top three nutritional fodders.There was a significant difference between 21 species on their in vitro digestibility and the most highly digestible fodder species was Elatostema hookerianum.Linear model analysis on relationship between frequency of citation of 21 wild forage plants by local farmers and their nutrient composition showed that the frequency was significantly positively correlated with the nutritional value of the feed(R2?0.28,P<0.05).We concluded that these species have high nutritional values to improve mithun production in integrated crop-livestock systems.Fodder species or mixtures of species with useful nutritional characters could be cultivated to improve livestock productivity,habitat conservation including that of mithun and wild forage resource management.展开更多
Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth and development of both epiphytic(growing on trees)and lithophytic(growing on rocks)orchids.Previous studies indicate that in lowland tropical areas,orchid mycorrhizal fu...Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth and development of both epiphytic(growing on trees)and lithophytic(growing on rocks)orchids.Previous studies indicate that in lowland tropical areas,orchid mycorrhizal fungal compositions are correlated with the life form(i.e.,epiphytic,lithophytic,or terrestrial)of their host plants.We therefore tested if a similar correlation exists in an orchid distributed at higher elevations.Coelogyne corymbosa is an endangered ornamental orchid species that can be found as a lithophyte and epiphyte in subtropical to subalpine areas.Based on high-throughput sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2(ITS2)-rDNA region of mycorrhizae of C.corymbosa,we detected 73 putative mycorrhizal fungal Operational Taxonomic Units(OTUs).The OTUs of two dominant lineages(Cantharellales and Sebacinales)detected from C.corymbosa are phylogenetically different from those of other species within the genus Coelogyne,indicating that different orchid species prefer specific mycorrhizal fungi.We also found that the Non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)plots of orchid mycorrhizal fungi were not clustered with life form,the variations among orchid mycorrhizal fungal communities of different life forms were not significant,and most of the OTUs detected from epiphytic individuals were shared by the lithophytic plants,suggesting that orchid mycorrhizal associations of C.corymbosa were not affected by life form.These findings provide novel insights into mycorrhizal associations with endangered ornamental orchids.展开更多
The Naxi of Northwest Yunnan,China use medicinal plants to treat skin conditions related to traditional lifestyles in extreme environments.However,modernization endangers both the medicinal plants used to treat skin c...The Naxi of Northwest Yunnan,China use medicinal plants to treat skin conditions related to traditional lifestyles in extreme environments.However,modernization endangers both the medicinal plants used to treat skin conditions and traditional knowledge.Therefore,investigation and documentation of the medicinal plants used and associated traditional knowledge is necessary.In this study,we conducted an ethnobotanical survey in 12 Naxi communities in Northwest Yunnan.For this purpose,we used semistructured surveys to interview 840 informants from Naxi communities.We used informant consensus factor and use frequency as quantitative indices to evaluate the importance of medicinal plant species.A total of 161 medicinal plant species belonging to 69 families were documented.The highest informant consensus factor(ICF)values were recorded for skin nourishing(ICF?0.849),frostbite and chapped skin(ICF?0.833).These skin treatments are highly related to the environment and lifestyle of Naxi communities.The main active compounds of plants used to treat skin conditions in Naxi communities are known to have skin-treating properties.This study reveals that the skin conditions treated by the Naxi are associated with traditional medicine culture and social economic development.In addition,this study uses ethnobotanical indices to explain how skin condition treatments are linked to the natural environment of Naxi communities.展开更多
Three new minor prenylated flavonoids,named macadenanthins A–C(1–3),together with three known ones(4–6),were isolated from the twigs of Macaranga adenantha.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive...Three new minor prenylated flavonoids,named macadenanthins A–C(1–3),together with three known ones(4–6),were isolated from the twigs of Macaranga adenantha.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including NMR,UV and MS.The prenyl moieties in compounds 1–3 were further modified by cyclization and hydroxylation.The new compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity against four cancer cell lines(MCF-7,Hep G2,Hela and P388)and showed IC50 values in the range of 13.76–22.27 lM.展开更多
One undescribedamide,pipermullesine A,twoundescribed isoquinoline alkaloids,pipermullesinesBand C,and six undescribed dipeptides,pipermullamides A–F,along with 28 known compounds,were isolated from the aerial parts o...One undescribedamide,pipermullesine A,twoundescribed isoquinoline alkaloids,pipermullesinesBand C,and six undescribed dipeptides,pipermullamides A–F,along with 28 known compounds,were isolated from the aerial parts of Piper mullesua.The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and MS data.Furthermore,the structures of pipermullesines A–Cwere confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.All isolates were evaluated for inhibitory activity against platelet aggregation induced by thrombin(IIa)or platelet-activating factor(PAF).(-)-Mangochinine,pellitorine,and(2E,4E)-N-isobutyl-2,4-dodecadienamide showed weak inhibitory activity against rabbit platelet aggregation induced by PAF,with IC_(50)values of 470.3μg/mL,614.9μg/mL,and 579.7μg/mL,respectively.展开更多
Castor bean(Ricinus communis L.)is an economically important non-edible oilseed crop.Its seed oils are rich in hydroxy fatty acid,which are highly valuable with a wide range of industrial applications.Sucrose transpor...Castor bean(Ricinus communis L.)is an economically important non-edible oilseed crop.Its seed oils are rich in hydroxy fatty acid,which are highly valuable with a wide range of industrial applications.Sucrose transportation is critical in regulating the growth,development and oilseed yield in castor bean.The transporters or carriers(SUTs or SUCs)play a central role in orchestrating sucrose allocation and aiding in plant adaptation to diverse stresses.In this study,based on castor bean genome,three RcSUCs(RcSUC2,RcSUC3 and RcSUC4)were identified and characterized.The expressional profiles of RcSUCs in different tissues such as leaf,stem,root,phloem and seed tissues exhibited a distinct divergence of gene expression,suggesting that the functions of RcSUC2,RcSUC3 and RcSUC4 are differentiated into long or short-distance transportation among tissues.Additionally,under abiotic stresses including hot temperature,low temperature,drought and salt stresses,the sugar allocation among leaf,stem and roots was tested.The expressional changes of Rc SUCs in leaf,stem and root tissues were associated with sugar transportation and allocation.Taken together,the differential expression of Rc SUCs among tissues responsing to abiotic stress suggested functional differences in sucrose transport and redistribution in different tissues.This study is helpful to understand the physiological and molecular mechanisms of sucrose transportation and allocation among tissues in heterotrophic oilseeds,and could provide clues for genetic improvement and optimization of cultivation practices.展开更多
Variation in resistance of xylem to embolism among flowers,leaves,and stems strongly influences the survival and reproduction of plants.However,little is known about the vulnerability to xylem embolism under drought s...Variation in resistance of xylem to embolism among flowers,leaves,and stems strongly influences the survival and reproduction of plants.However,little is known about the vulnerability to xylem embolism under drought stress and their relationships to the anatomical traits of pits among reproductive and vegetative organs.In this study,we investigated the variation in xylem vulnerability to embolism in peduncles,petioles,and stems in a woody plant,Magnolia grandiflora.We analyzed the relationships between water potentials that induced 50%embolism(P50)in peduncles,petioles,and stems and the conduit pit traits hypothesized to influence cavitation resistance.We found that peduncles were more vulnerable to cavitation than petioles and stems,supporting the hypothesis of hydraulic vulnerability segmentation that leaves and stems are prioritized over flowers during drought stress.Moreover,P50 was significantly correlated with variation in the dimensions of inter-vessel pit apertures among peduncles,petioles and stems.These findings highlight that measuring xylem vulnerability to embolism in reproductive organs is essential for understanding the effect of drought on plant reproductive success and mortality under drought stress.展开更多
Establishing a transgenic plant largely relies on a selectable marker gene that can confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance to plant cells.The existence of such selectable marker genes in genetically modified foods ...Establishing a transgenic plant largely relies on a selectable marker gene that can confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance to plant cells.The existence of such selectable marker genes in genetically modified foods has long been criticized.Plant cells generally exhibit too low an activity of phosphomannose isomerase(PMI)to grow with mannose as a sole carbon source.In this study,we characterized PMI from the green microalga Chlorococcum sp.and assessed its feasibility as a selectable marker for plant biotechnology.Chlorococcum sp.PMI(ChlPMI)was shown to be closely related to higher plants but more distant to bacterial counterparts.Overexpression of ChlPMI in tomato induced callus and shoot formation in media containing mannose(6 g/L)and had an average transformation rate of 3.9%.Based on this transformation system,a polycistronic gene cluster containing crtB,HpBHY,CrBKT and SlLCYB(BBBB)was co-expressed in a different tomato cultivar.Six putative transformants were achieved with a transformation rate of 1.4%,which produced significant amounts of astaxanthin due to the expression of the BBBB genes.Taken together,these findings indicate that we have established an additional tool for plant biotechnology that may be suitable for genetically modifying foods safely.展开更多
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA26050301-02)。
文摘The global rise in animal protein consumption has significantly amplified the demand for fodder.A comprehensive understanding of the diversity and characteristics of existing fodder resources is essential for balanced nutritional fodder production.This study investigates the diversity and composition of fodder plants and identifies key species for cattle in Zhaotong City,Yunnan,China,while documenting indigenous knowledge on their usage and selection criteria.Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in 19 villages across seven townships with 140 informants.Data were collected through semi-structured interviews,free listing,and participatory observation,and analyzed using Relative Frequency Citation.A total of 125 taxa(including 106 wild and 19 cultivated)were reported.The most cited family is Poaceae(27 taxa,21.43%),followed by Asteraceae(17 taxa,13.49%),Fabaceae(14 taxa,11.11%),Polygonaceae(9 taxa,7.14%)and Lamiaceae(4 taxa,3.17%).The whole plant(66.04%)and herbaceous plants(84.80%)were the most used parts and life forms.The most cited species were Zea mays,Brassica rapa,Solanum tuberosum,Eragrostis nigra,and Artemisia dubia.Usage of diverse fodder resources reflects local wisdom in managing resource availability and achieving balanced nutrition while coping with environmental and climatic risks.Preferences for certain taxonomic groups are due to their quality as premier fodder resources.To promote integrated crop-livestock farming,we suggest further research into highly preferred fodder species,focusing on nutritional assessment,digestibility,meat quality impacts,and potential as antibiotic alternatives.Establishing germplasm and gene banks for fodder resources is also recommended.
文摘than 80 Dendrobium species have been reported in China.However,there are only six Dendrobium species,namely,D.bigibbum var.superbum(syn.D.phalaenopsis),D.chrysanthum,D.fimbriatum,D.loddigesii,D.nobile,and D.officinale(syn.D.candidum),listed in the New Inventory of Existing Cosmetic Ingredients in China Launched.Artificial planting of Dendrobium species has been a great success in China.To better utilize Dendrobium resources for medicinal and cosmetic purposes,we summarize their traditional uses and pharmacologically active compounds for treating dermatological disorders in this review.“Orchidaceae”,“Dendrobium”,“traditional use”,“ethnobotany”,“dermatological disorder”,and“skin disease”were used as search terms to screen the literature.Cited references were collected between 1970 and 2020 from the Web of Science,China National Knowledge Internet(CNKI),SciFinder,Google Scholar,and Chinese books.From the search,it was found that there are 22 Dendrobium species with traditional uses in dermatological disorders,and 131 compounds from Dendrobium plants have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,antioxidant,antiaging,anti-psoriasis,and tyrosinase-inhibitory activities,implying that Dendrobium plants are important resources for the discovery of active compounds and the development of new drugs and cosmetics.D.crepidatum,D.denneanum,D.loddigesii,D.nobile,and D.officinale have been extensively studied.More research on other Dendrobium species is needed.The major active compounds found in Dendrobium species are phenanthrenes,alkaloids,flavonoids,phenylpropanoids,and lignans.Several compounds,such as loddigesiinol A,(S)-5-methoxy-2,4,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene,(S)-4-methoxy-2,5,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene,2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene 2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside,(9R)-1,2,5,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside,(+)-homocrepidine A,and vicenin 2,have significant anti-inflammatory activities and inhibit nitric oxide(NO)production with IC_(50) values less than 5μM,and these compounds are worthy of further study.
文摘The evolution of photosynthesis is an important feature of mixotrophic plants.Previous inferences proposed that mixotrophic taxa tend to retain most genes relating to photosynthetic functions but vary in plastid gene content.However,no sequence data are available to test this hypothesis in Ericaceae.To investigate changes in plastid genomes that may result from a transition from autotrophy to mixotrophy,the plastomes of two mixotrophic plants,Pyrola decorata and Chimaphila japonica,were sequenced at Illumina's Genome Analyzer and compared to the published plastome of the autotrophic plant Rhododendron simsii,which also belongs to Ericaceae.The greatest discrepancy between mixotrophic and autotrophic plants was that ndh genes for both P.decorata and C.japonica plastomes have nearly all become pseudogenes.P.decorata and C.japonica also retained all genes directly involved in photosynthesis under strong selection.The calculated rate of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions and synonymous substitutions of protein-coding genes(dN/dS) showed that substitution rates in shade plants were apparently higher than those in sunlight plants.The two mixotrophic plastomes were generally very similar to that of non-parasitic plants,although ndh genes were largely pseudogenized.Photosynthesis genes under strong selection were retained in the two mixotrophs,however,with greatly increased substitution rates.Further research is needed to gain a clearer understanding of the evolution of autotrophy and mixotrophy in Ericaceae.
基金This research was funded by the Biodiversity Investigation,Observation and Assessment Program,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,The People’s Republic of China and the Yunnan Innovative Talents Program,China(No.2018HC009).
文摘In the Qinba mountainous area of Central China,pig farming has a significant impact on the growth of the rural economy and has substantially increased farmer incomes.Traditional knowledge plays an important role in the selection of forage plant species for pig farming by local people.This study aimed to identify the forage plants used for pig feeding and to catalog indigenous knowledge regarding their use.During 2016 and 2017,ethnobotanical surveys and inventories were conducted in Zhuxi County,Hubei Province,China.Data were collected using semi-structured interviews,key informant reports,free listings,guided field walks,and participatory observations with 77 households in 16 villages in 13 towns/townships.The obtained data were analyzed using a relative frequency citation(RFC)index.Overall,145 wild forage plants from 91 genera and 31 families were recorded.The most cited families were Asteraceae,Polygonaceae,Urticaceae,Amaranthaceae,Fabaceae,Cruciferae,Caryophyllaceae,and Lamiaceae.Whole plants(75.9%)and tender leaves(12.4%)were the most frequently used parts of the plants.Most of the forage plants were herbaceous(88.9%).Almost all forage plants could be collected throughout the year(62.7%).Raw and cooked were the two main preparation methods.The most frequently cited species were Taraxacum mongolicum,Bidens pilosa,Sonchus oleraceus,Pilea verrucosa,and Pilea pumila var.obtusifolia.A total of 14 species were identified as the top forage plants in Zhuxi County based on their RFC values(RFC value greater than 0.5).Local people possess rich traditional knowledge about the utilization and management of forage plants for pig feeding.However,the maintenance of this traditional knowledge may be seriously threatened by changes in pig feeding modes and the lack of successors.Appropriate strategies and action plans have been suggested for the conservation of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity and the sustainable use of forage species resources.These include 1)taking targeted measures to protect forage resources and associated traditional knowledge;2)strengthening research on the forage plants with the highest RFC values for nutritional value,digestibility,other functions,and ecological status;and 3)enhancing the identification of poisonous forage plants.
基金supported by the NSFC (Grant No. 31670262)Key Project of Applied Basic Research Program of Yunnan (Grant No. 2014FA040)+2 种基金100-Oversea-Top-Talents Recruitment plan of Yunnan to jinsong WuProject of Applied Basic Research Program of Yunnan(Grant No. 2017FB048) to Lan Mafounding (Grant No. 110201603008) to Dunhuang Fang
文摘Pleiotropic drug resistance(PDR) transporters are widely distributed membrane proteins catalyzing the export or import of a diverse array of molecules, and are involved in many plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, it is unclear whether PDRs are involved in Nicotiana attenuata resistance to the necrotic fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. In this study, transcriptional levels of both NaPDR1 and NaPDR1-like were highly induced in N. attenuata leaves after A. alternata inoculation. Interestingly,silencing NaPDR1 or NaPDR1-like individually had little effect on N. attenuata resistance to A. alternata;however, when both genes were co-silenced plants became highly susceptible to the fungus, which was associated with elevated JA and ethylene responses. Neither NaPDR1 nor NaPDR1-like was significantly elicited by exogenous treatment with methyl jasmonate(MeJA), whereas both were highly induced by ethylene. The elicitation levels of both genes by A. alternata were significantly reduced in plants with impaired JA or ethylene signaling pathways. Thus, we conclude that both NaPDR1 and NaPDR1-like function redundantly to confer resistance against A. alternata in N. attenuata, and the elicitation of the transcripts of both genes by the fungus is partially dependent on ethylene and jasmonate signaling.
基金This work was supported by the Basic Research Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2012FY110300)MOST grant(2008BAD98B06).
文摘Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Euphorbia sikkimensis led to the isolation of one new diterpenoids,named sikkimenoid E(1),together with thirteen other known compounds(2-14).Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic methods.Compound 2 was identified to be a trinortriterpenoid,and derived for the first time from a natural source.In this paper we reveal for the first time its comprehensive spectral data and NMR spectral assignment.Compound 4 showed anti-angiogenic activity with an IC_(50) value of 5.66μM in a zebrafish model,and compounds 5 and 6 exhibited cytotoxicity toward A549 cell line with IC_(50) values of 12.12 and 6.45μM,respectively.
基金supported by the United Fund of the NSFCthe Yunnan Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.U1136602 to X.G.)
文摘Geological activities and climate oscillations during the Quaternary period profoundly impacted the distribution of species in Southwest China. Some plant species may be harbored in refugia, such as the dry-hot valleys of Southwest China. Cycas chenii X. Gong & W. Zhou, a critically endangered cycad species, which grows under the canopy in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests along the upstream drainage area of the Red River, is endemic to this refugium. In this study, 60 individuals of C. chenii collected from six populations were analyzed by sequencing two chloroplast intergenic spacers(cp DNA:psb A-trn H and trn L-trn F) and two nuclear genes(PHYP and RBP-1). Results showed high genetic diversity at the species level, but low within-population genetic diversity and high interpopulation genetic differentiation. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on cp DNA showed that five chloroplast haplotypes were clustered into two clades, which corresponds to the division of the western and eastern bank of the Red River. These data indicate a possible role for the Red River as a geographic barrier to gene flow in C. chenii.Based on our findings, we propose appropriate in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for C. chenii.
基金This work was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860074,U1812403)the Science and Technology project of Guizhou Province(QKHZC[2018]2799)and Guizhou Province Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs.
文摘Dragon Boat Festival herbal markets in the Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of southwestern Guizhou have a long well-conserved history.These markets,which are a feature of Buyi and Miao traditional medicines,contain a rich diversity of medicinal plants and traditional medical knowledge.Today,people in southwestern Guizhou still believe that using herbs during the Dragon Boat Festival prevents and can treat disease.In this study,we identified the fresh herbal plants sold at the herbal markets of Xingren City and Zhenfeng County in Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and quantified their importance.We identified 141 plant species(belonging to 114 genera and 61 families).The plant family with the most species was Asteraceae(14 species).Informants reported that most medicinal plants are herbaceous,with 95.7%of plants used for decoction and 30.5%used for medicinal baths.Medicinal plants are most commonly used to treat rheumatism,injury,and abdominal diseases.The utilization frequency index and relative importance values indicated that Artemisia argyi and Acorus calamus are the most important plants sold at herbal markets during the Dragon Boat Festival.The price of medicinal materials sold in the market may serve as an indicator of the conservation status of species in the region.These findings indicate that the Dragon Boat Festival herbal markets in the Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture fully embodies the characteristics of indigenous ethnomedicine and culture,and also exhibits the diversity of plant resources.We recommend that rare and endangered plants in this region be domesticated and protected.
基金supported by the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Programthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571262)Yunnan Natural Science Foundation (2017FB031)
文摘Heat stress can restrict plant growth,development,and crop yield.As essential plant antioxidants,carotenoids play significant roles in plant stress resistance.b-carotene hydroxylase(BHY)and b-carotene ketolase(BKT),which catalyze the conversions of b-carotene to zeaxanthin and b-carotene to canthaxanthin,respectively,are key enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway,but little is known about their potential functions in stress resistance.Here,we investigated the roles of b-carotene hydroxylase and b-carotene ketolase during heat stress in Physcomitrella patens through expressing a b-carotene ketolase gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii(Cr BKT)and a b-carotene hydroxylase gene from Haematococcus pluvialis(Hp BHY)in the moss P.patens.In transgenic moss expressing these genes,carotenoids content increased(especially lutein content),and heat stress tolerance increased,with reduced leafy tissue necrosis.To investigate the mechanism of this heat stress resistance,we measured various physiological indicators and found a lower malondialdehyde level,higher peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities,and higher endogenous abscisic acid and salicylate content in the transgenic plants in response to high-temperature stress.These results demonstrate that Cr BKT and Hp BHY increase plant heat stress resistance through the antioxidant and damage repair metabolism,which is related to abscisic acid and salicylate signaling.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970361)the Applied Basic Research Plan of Yunnan Province(2018EA016)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Plan of Yunnan(2018BB010)and the project for Construction of International Flower Technology Innovation Center and Achievement Industrialization(2019ZG006)and the Project for Innovation Team of Yunnan Province.Thanks to De John A Meadows for proofreading and editing.Thanks to Me Jianbo Yang for helping to make the map of species distribution.
文摘Paphiopedilum dianthum and P.micranthum are two endangered orchid species,with high ornamental and conservation values.They are sympatric species,but their leaf anatomical traits and flowering period have significant differences.However,it is unclear whether the differences in leaf structure of the two species will affect their adaptabilities to temperature.Here,we investigated the leaf photosynthetic,anatomical,and flowering traits of these two species at three sites with different temperatures(Kunming,16.7±0.2°C;Puer,17.7±0.2°C;Menglun,23.3±0.2°C)in southwest China.Compared with those at Puer and Kunming,the values of light-saturated photosynthetic rate(Pmax).stomatai conductance(gs),leaf thickness(LT),and stomatai density(SD)in both species were lower at Menglun.The values of Pmax,gs,仃,adaxial cuticle thickness(CTad)and SD in P.dianthum were higher than those of P.micranthum at the three sites.Compared with P.dianthum,there were no flowering plants of P.micranthum at Menglun.These results indicated that both species were less resistance to high temperature,and P.dianthum had a stronger adaptability to high-temperature than P.micranthum.Our findings can provide valuable information for the conservation and cultivation of Paphiopedilum species.
基金National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(31670337)Research Project(ZYS2016-001)funded by Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources.
文摘Zingiber cassumunar is an important plant used in traditional medicine and as a natural mosquito re-pellent.However,the compounds responsible for the repellent activity of the plant are still unknown.The aim of the study is to identify the components of Z.cassumunar essential oil that show repellent activity against Aedes albopictus.We also evaluated the larvicidal and adulticidal activities of Z.cassumunar essential oil against Ae.albopictus.In-cage mosquito repellent experiments showed that Z.cassumunar essential oil possessed moderate repellent activity with a minimum effective dose(MED)of 0.16±0.01 mg/cm^(20,compared to reference standard N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide(DEET,0.03±0.01 mg/cm^(20).Bioassay-guided fractionation identified the major active compound of Z.cassumunar essential oil as(-)-terpinen-4-ol(1)(MED:0.19±0 mg/cm^(20).We also found that Z.cassumunar essential oil showed moderate larvicidal activity against first instar larvae of Ae.albopictus with a LC50(50%lethal concentration)of 44.9 mg/L after 24 h.Fumigation bioassays showed that Z.cassumunar essential oil exhibits moderate adulticidal activity against Ae.albopictus with a LC50 of 5.44%,while(-)-terpinen-4-ol showed significant adulticidal activity with a LC50 of 2.10%after 24 h.This study verifies that the Z.cassumunar essential oil has mosquito repellent activity,and that(-)-terpinen-4-ol is mainly responsible for this activity.Furthermore,this study provides scientific support for the folk usage of Z.cassumunar essential oil as mosquito repellent and indicates that Z.cassumunar essential oil and(-)-terpinen-4-ol can be used as plant-derived repellents and insecticides for mosquito control.
文摘One novel spirolactone,aquilarisinolide(1),three new sesquiterpenoids,(2R,4S,5R,7R)-2-hydroxyeremophila-9,11-dien-8-one(2),(1R,4S,5S,7R,11R)-13-hydroxyepidaphnauran-9-en-8-one(3),and(4R,5S,7R,8S,10S,13R)-8,13-dihydroxyrotunda-1,11-dien-3-one(4),together with 13 known compounds(5-17)were isolated from the resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis(Thymelaeaceae).The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of NMR and MS data and theoretical calculations their ECD spectra.The isolated compounds were evaluated for their protective activities against PC12 cell injury induced by corticosterone(CORT)and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine ion(MPP+),as well as inhibitory activities against BACE1.Compound 4,5,6-dihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone(5),daphnauranol B(7),6-methoxy-2-[2-(3-methyoxyphenyl)ethyl]chromone(10),isoagarotetrol(14),and 1-hydroxy-1,5-diphenylpentan-3-one(16)showed significant protective effects on CORT-induced injury in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20μM(P<0.001).Isoagarotetrol(14)showed a significant protective effect on MPP+-induced injury in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20μM(P<0.001),while compound 4 showed a moderate activity(P<0.01).The BACE1-inhibitory activities of all tested compounds were very weak with less than 30%inhibition at a concentration of 20μM.
基金This research was funded by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAASXTCX2016011-01ASTIP-IAS07)+1 种基金Talent Project of Guizhou University[(2018)06]and National Natural Science Foundation of China(31900275)We also acknowledge supports from CGIAR research programs on‘Forests,Trees and Agroforestry’(CRP6.2)and Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA20050204,XDA19050303).
文摘Wild fodder plants are valuable because they provide an important livestock feed resource globally,especially for smallholder farmers,and have important roles in natural resource management.In-depth knowledge of wild forage plants can motivate local people for feed resource and habitat conservation of threatened herbivores such as Mithun(Bos frontalis).Mithun occur in small patches in the mountains of Dulongjiang,nearby villagers domesticated this animal but left animal to freely graze in the mountains.Many fodder plants occur in these mountains,however,little is known about their nutritional value.We conducted an ethnobotanical survey to document important wild fodder plants consumed by mithun in the Dulongjiang Township.The nutritional content of 21 highly mentioned wild fodder plants in an ethnobotanical survey was examined.Laboratory analysis showed that Fagopyrum dibotrys were the fodder species with the highest crude protein(CP)content(26.89%),followed by Polygonum molle(21.88%)and Hydrangea longipes(21.12%).Synthesis of relative feed value index and grey relational grade,P.molle,H.longipes and Tetrastigma obtectum were ranked the top three nutritional fodders.There was a significant difference between 21 species on their in vitro digestibility and the most highly digestible fodder species was Elatostema hookerianum.Linear model analysis on relationship between frequency of citation of 21 wild forage plants by local farmers and their nutrient composition showed that the frequency was significantly positively correlated with the nutritional value of the feed(R2?0.28,P<0.05).We concluded that these species have high nutritional values to improve mithun production in integrated crop-livestock systems.Fodder species or mixtures of species with useful nutritional characters could be cultivated to improve livestock productivity,habitat conservation including that of mithun and wild forage resource management.
基金We thank Jia-Lin Huang and Jia-Wei Li for their kind help with field work.John Meadows and Raymond Porter are acknowledged for improvements of the manuscript.This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31670342 and 31700026)Yunnan Applied Basic Research Project(2019FB019)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Plan of Yunnan(2018BB010)the Scientific and Technological Leading Talent Project of Yunnan Province(2016HA005).
文摘Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth and development of both epiphytic(growing on trees)and lithophytic(growing on rocks)orchids.Previous studies indicate that in lowland tropical areas,orchid mycorrhizal fungal compositions are correlated with the life form(i.e.,epiphytic,lithophytic,or terrestrial)of their host plants.We therefore tested if a similar correlation exists in an orchid distributed at higher elevations.Coelogyne corymbosa is an endangered ornamental orchid species that can be found as a lithophyte and epiphyte in subtropical to subalpine areas.Based on high-throughput sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2(ITS2)-rDNA region of mycorrhizae of C.corymbosa,we detected 73 putative mycorrhizal fungal Operational Taxonomic Units(OTUs).The OTUs of two dominant lineages(Cantharellales and Sebacinales)detected from C.corymbosa are phylogenetically different from those of other species within the genus Coelogyne,indicating that different orchid species prefer specific mycorrhizal fungi.We also found that the Non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)plots of orchid mycorrhizal fungi were not clustered with life form,the variations among orchid mycorrhizal fungal communities of different life forms were not significant,and most of the OTUs detected from epiphytic individuals were shared by the lithophytic plants,suggesting that orchid mycorrhizal associations of C.corymbosa were not affected by life form.These findings provide novel insights into mycorrhizal associations with endangered ornamental orchids.
基金This study was funded by Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31670340 and No.31970357)Bio-Innovation Center of DR PLANT,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘The Naxi of Northwest Yunnan,China use medicinal plants to treat skin conditions related to traditional lifestyles in extreme environments.However,modernization endangers both the medicinal plants used to treat skin conditions and traditional knowledge.Therefore,investigation and documentation of the medicinal plants used and associated traditional knowledge is necessary.In this study,we conducted an ethnobotanical survey in 12 Naxi communities in Northwest Yunnan.For this purpose,we used semistructured surveys to interview 840 informants from Naxi communities.We used informant consensus factor and use frequency as quantitative indices to evaluate the importance of medicinal plant species.A total of 161 medicinal plant species belonging to 69 families were documented.The highest informant consensus factor(ICF)values were recorded for skin nourishing(ICF?0.849),frostbite and chapped skin(ICF?0.833).These skin treatments are highly related to the environment and lifestyle of Naxi communities.The main active compounds of plants used to treat skin conditions in Naxi communities are known to have skin-treating properties.This study reveals that the skin conditions treated by the Naxi are associated with traditional medicine culture and social economic development.In addition,this study uses ethnobotanical indices to explain how skin condition treatments are linked to the natural environment of Naxi communities.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31300293 and 81422046)General Project of Applied Foundation Research,Yunnan Province(2013FB067)+1 种基金Basic Research Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2012FY110300)Major State Basic Research Development Program(2010CB951704).
文摘Three new minor prenylated flavonoids,named macadenanthins A–C(1–3),together with three known ones(4–6),were isolated from the twigs of Macaranga adenantha.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including NMR,UV and MS.The prenyl moieties in compounds 1–3 were further modified by cyclization and hydroxylation.The new compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity against four cancer cell lines(MCF-7,Hep G2,Hela and P388)and showed IC50 values in the range of 13.76–22.27 lM.
基金This work was funded by the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y4ZK111B01)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province,China(2011FZ205)+2 种基金the International Partneship Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(153631KYSB20160004)the Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine(Minzu University of China)of Ministry of Education of China(KLEM-ZZ201806)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31761143001&31161140345).
文摘One undescribedamide,pipermullesine A,twoundescribed isoquinoline alkaloids,pipermullesinesBand C,and six undescribed dipeptides,pipermullamides A–F,along with 28 known compounds,were isolated from the aerial parts of Piper mullesua.The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and MS data.Furthermore,the structures of pipermullesines A–Cwere confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.All isolates were evaluated for inhibitory activity against platelet aggregation induced by thrombin(IIa)or platelet-activating factor(PAF).(-)-Mangochinine,pellitorine,and(2E,4E)-N-isobutyl-2,4-dodecadienamide showed weak inhibitory activity against rabbit platelet aggregation induced by PAF,with IC_(50)values of 470.3μg/mL,614.9μg/mL,and 579.7μg/mL,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31661143002 and 31771839)。
文摘Castor bean(Ricinus communis L.)is an economically important non-edible oilseed crop.Its seed oils are rich in hydroxy fatty acid,which are highly valuable with a wide range of industrial applications.Sucrose transportation is critical in regulating the growth,development and oilseed yield in castor bean.The transporters or carriers(SUTs or SUCs)play a central role in orchestrating sucrose allocation and aiding in plant adaptation to diverse stresses.In this study,based on castor bean genome,three RcSUCs(RcSUC2,RcSUC3 and RcSUC4)were identified and characterized.The expressional profiles of RcSUCs in different tissues such as leaf,stem,root,phloem and seed tissues exhibited a distinct divergence of gene expression,suggesting that the functions of RcSUC2,RcSUC3 and RcSUC4 are differentiated into long or short-distance transportation among tissues.Additionally,under abiotic stresses including hot temperature,low temperature,drought and salt stresses,the sugar allocation among leaf,stem and roots was tested.The expressional changes of Rc SUCs in leaf,stem and root tissues were associated with sugar transportation and allocation.Taken together,the differential expression of Rc SUCs among tissues responsing to abiotic stress suggested functional differences in sucrose transport and redistribution in different tissues.This study is helpful to understand the physiological and molecular mechanisms of sucrose transportation and allocation among tissues in heterotrophic oilseeds,and could provide clues for genetic improvement and optimization of cultivation practices.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31670415,31870385,31960224)the"Young Top Talents"Ten Thousands Plan in Yunnan Province(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-337)Science research of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(2019J1068)and open funding from the CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology to F.P.Zhang.
文摘Variation in resistance of xylem to embolism among flowers,leaves,and stems strongly influences the survival and reproduction of plants.However,little is known about the vulnerability to xylem embolism under drought stress and their relationships to the anatomical traits of pits among reproductive and vegetative organs.In this study,we investigated the variation in xylem vulnerability to embolism in peduncles,petioles,and stems in a woody plant,Magnolia grandiflora.We analyzed the relationships between water potentials that induced 50%embolism(P50)in peduncles,petioles,and stems and the conduit pit traits hypothesized to influence cavitation resistance.We found that peduncles were more vulnerable to cavitation than petioles and stems,supporting the hypothesis of hydraulic vulnerability segmentation that leaves and stems are prioritized over flowers during drought stress.Moreover,P50 was significantly correlated with variation in the dimensions of inter-vessel pit apertures among peduncles,petioles and stems.These findings highlight that measuring xylem vulnerability to embolism in reproductive organs is essential for understanding the effect of drought on plant reproductive success and mortality under drought stress.
基金supported by a grant from Yunnan high talents program(Y33D331),Yunnan Province,China.
文摘Establishing a transgenic plant largely relies on a selectable marker gene that can confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance to plant cells.The existence of such selectable marker genes in genetically modified foods has long been criticized.Plant cells generally exhibit too low an activity of phosphomannose isomerase(PMI)to grow with mannose as a sole carbon source.In this study,we characterized PMI from the green microalga Chlorococcum sp.and assessed its feasibility as a selectable marker for plant biotechnology.Chlorococcum sp.PMI(ChlPMI)was shown to be closely related to higher plants but more distant to bacterial counterparts.Overexpression of ChlPMI in tomato induced callus and shoot formation in media containing mannose(6 g/L)and had an average transformation rate of 3.9%.Based on this transformation system,a polycistronic gene cluster containing crtB,HpBHY,CrBKT and SlLCYB(BBBB)was co-expressed in a different tomato cultivar.Six putative transformants were achieved with a transformation rate of 1.4%,which produced significant amounts of astaxanthin due to the expression of the BBBB genes.Taken together,these findings indicate that we have established an additional tool for plant biotechnology that may be suitable for genetically modifying foods safely.
