The leucine-rich repeat(LRR)protein family is involved in a variety of fundamental metabolic and signaling processes in plants,including growth and defense responses.LRR proteins can be divided into two categories:tho...The leucine-rich repeat(LRR)protein family is involved in a variety of fundamental metabolic and signaling processes in plants,including growth and defense responses.LRR proteins can be divided into two categories:those containing LRR domains along with other structural elements,which are further subdivided into five groups,LRR receptor-like kinases,LRR receptor-like proteins,nucleotide-binding site LRR proteins,LRR-extensin proteins,and polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins,and those containing only LRR domains.Functionally,various LRR proteins are primarily involved in plant development and responses to environmental stress.Notably,the LRR protein family plays a central role in signal transduction pathways related to stress adaptation.In this review,we classify and analyze the functions of LRR proteins in plants.While extensive research has been conducted on the roles of LRR proteins in disease resistance signaling,these proteins also play important roles in abiotic stress responses.This review highlights recent advances in understanding how LRR proteins mediate responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.Building upon these insights,further exploration of the roles of LRR proteins in abiotic stress resistance may aid efforts to develop rice varieties with enhanced stress and disease tolerance.展开更多
Total spikelet number per spike(TSS)is a crucial yield component in wheat.Dissecting and characterizing major stable quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with TSS can significantly enhance the genetic improvement of...Total spikelet number per spike(TSS)is a crucial yield component in wheat.Dissecting and characterizing major stable quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with TSS can significantly enhance the genetic improvement of yield potential.In a previous study,we identified a stable major QTL for TSS,named QTss.cas-3D.In the present study,we conducted fine mapping of QTss.cas-3D,interval to approximately 6.35 Mb,ranging from 105.03 to 111.38 Mb,based on the IWGSC RefSeq v2.1.Through genome resequencing and gene function annotation,we identified TraesCS3D03G0308000(TaFT-D2)as the candidate gene.Phenotypic evaluation with paired near-isogenic lines revealed that this locus predominantly increases kernel number per spike by enhancing TSS and fertile spikelet number per spike,without significantly affecting thousand-kernel weight or tiller number.The presence of the TaFT-D2 allele in the parent P3228,which is rare in nature populations,highlights its potential value.This study provides a valuable gene resource and functional marker for wheat molecular breeding aimed at improving TSS and establishes a foundation for gene functional analysis of TaFT-D2.展开更多
The enzyme C-14 sterol reductase is involved in biosynthesis of brassinosteroids(BR)and sterols,as well as plant development.OsFK1,a member of the sterol biosynthesis pathway located in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER),e...The enzyme C-14 sterol reductase is involved in biosynthesis of brassinosteroids(BR)and sterols,as well as plant development.OsFK1,a member of the sterol biosynthesis pathway located in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER),encodes C-14 sterol reductase.However,there is little research on the function of C-14 sterol reductase in rice.Compared with the wild type,an osfk1 mutant showed dwarf phenotype and premature aging in the second leaf during the trefoil stage,and abnormal development of leaf veins during the tillering stage.The osfk1 mutant showed signs of aberrant PCD,as evidenced by TUNEL staining.This suggested that high ROS buildup caused DNA damage and ROS-mediated cell death in the mutant.The osfk1 mutant also showed decreased chlorophyll content and aberrant chloroplast structure.Sequencing of the osfk1 mutant allele revealed a non-synonymous G to A mutation in the final intron,leading to early termination.Here,we identified the OsFK1 allele,cloned it by Mutmap sequencing,and verified it by complementation.HPLC-MS/MS assays demonstrated that the osfk1 mutation caused lower phytosterol levels.These findings showed that the OsFK1 allele encoding C-14 sterol reductase is involved in phytosterol biosynthesis and mediates normal development of rice plants.展开更多
Reactive oxygen species(ROS)play a key role in a variety of biological processes,such as the perception of abiotic stress,the integration of different environmental signals,and the activation of stress response networ...Reactive oxygen species(ROS)play a key role in a variety of biological processes,such as the perception of abiotic stress,the integration of different environmental signals,and the activation of stress response networks.Salt stress could induce an increased ROS accumulation in plants,disrupting intracellular redox homeostasis,leading to posttranslational modifications(PTMs)of specific proteins,and eventually causing adaptive changes in metabolism.Here,we performed an iodoTMT-based proteomic approach to identify the sulfenylated proteins in B.napus root responsing to salt stress.Totally,1348 sulfenylated sites in 751 proteins were identified and these proteins were widely existed in different cell compartments and processes.Our study revealed that proteins with changed abundance and sulfenylation level in B.napus root under salt stress were mainly enriched in the biological processes of ion binding,glycolysis,ATP binding,and oxidative stress response.This study displays a landscape of sulfenylated proteins response to salt stress in B.napus root and provides some theoretical support for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of redox regulation under salt stress in plants.展开更多
Solanaceae plants produce two major classes of valuable steroid-derived specialized metabolites:steroidal glycoalkaloids(SGAs)and steroidal saponins(STSs)(Grzech et al.,2025).SGAs are crucial in plant defense despite ...Solanaceae plants produce two major classes of valuable steroid-derived specialized metabolites:steroidal glycoalkaloids(SGAs)and steroidal saponins(STSs)(Grzech et al.,2025).SGAs are crucial in plant defense despite their anti-nutritional effects on humans.They also exhibit diverse biological activities,including anti-cancer,anti-microbial,anti-inflammatory,anti-viral,and anti-pyretic activities(Lucier et al.,2024).Similarly,STSs have garnered significant interest from the pharmaceutical,cosmetic,and food industries for many years due to their detergent-like properties(Grzech et al.,2025).However,the ecological roles of STSs are still unknown,and efforts to reconstitute the biosynthesis of SGAs and STSs in heterologous hosts have not been successful.A recent work,published in Science by Sarah E.O’Connor and Prashant D.Sonawane’s team,unveils a cellulose synthase-like protein(GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM15[GAME15])that is required for the biosynthesis of both SGAs and STSs and provides the first definitive evidence for STSs’role in plant defense(Boccia et al.,2024).This discovery elucidates the entire biosynthetic pathway of SGAs and STSs,opening up new opportunities for their metabolic engineering.展开更多
Xizang,previously known as Tibet,is located in the southwest region of China and is the highest region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QzP),with an average altitude of over 4000 m.With the development of modern agricultu...Xizang,previously known as Tibet,is located in the southwest region of China and is the highest region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QzP),with an average altitude of over 4000 m.With the development of modern agriculture,the grain productivity in Xizang has been effectively improved.The total annual grain production has increased from 558,700 tons in 1988 to 1044,000 tons in 2018(Xizang Statistical Year Book).展开更多
Wild aurochs(Bos primigenius)were once widespread across Eurasia and North Africa but became extinct around the 17th century[1].Aurochs are considered the ancestor of modern taurine(B.taurus taurus)and indicine(B.t.in...Wild aurochs(Bos primigenius)were once widespread across Eurasia and North Africa but became extinct around the 17th century[1].Aurochs are considered the ancestor of modern taurine(B.taurus taurus)and indicine(B.t.indicus)cattle,which were independently domesticated within regions restricted to Southwest Asia and South Asia,respectively[2,3].Extensive gene flow from local aurochs to domestic cattle has been well documented in Southwest Asia,Europe,and Africa[3,4],raising questions about the mechanisms underlying both the domestication and dispersal of early cattle.展开更多
During the past 3000 years,cattle on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau have developed adaptive phenotypes under the selective pressure of hypoxia,ultraviolet(UV)radiation,and extreme cold.The genetic mechanism underlying thi...During the past 3000 years,cattle on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau have developed adaptive phenotypes under the selective pressure of hypoxia,ultraviolet(UV)radiation,and extreme cold.The genetic mechanism underlying this rapid adaptation is not yet well understood.Here,we present whole-genome resequencing data for 258 cattle from 32 cattle breeds/populations,including 89 Tibetan cattle representing eight populations distributed at altitudes ranging from 3400 m to 4300 m.Our genomic analysis revealed that Tibetan cattle exhibited a continuous phylogeographic cline from the East Asian taurine to the South Asian indicine ancestries.We found that recently selected genes in Tibetan cattle were related to body size(HMGA2 and NCAPG)and energy expenditure(DUOXA2).We identified signals of sympatric introgression from yak into Tibetan cattle at different altitudes,covering 0.64%–3.26%of their genomes,which included introgressed genes responsible for hypoxia response(EGLN1),cold adaptation(LRP11),DNA damage repair(LATS1),and UV radiation resistance(GNPAT).We observed that introgressed yak alleles were associated with noncoding variants,including those in present EGLN1.In Tibetan cattle,three yak introgressed SNPs in the EGLN1 promoter region reduced the expression of EGLN1,suggesting that these genomic variants enhance hypoxia tolerance.Taken together,our results indicated complex adaptation processes in Tibetan cattle,where recently selected genes and introgressed yak alleles jointly facilitated rapid adaptation to high-altitude environments.展开更多
A later heading date generally leads to higher grain yield in favorable ecological regions;however,grain yield reaches a limit as the heading date exceeds a certain threshold.Ghd7 is the first cloned major gene that r...A later heading date generally leads to higher grain yield in favorable ecological regions;however,grain yield reaches a limit as the heading date exceeds a certain threshold.Ghd7 is the first cloned major gene that regulates heading date,plant height and grain number.Here,we investigated the relationship between Ghd7 and florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1,to determine their roles in regulating heading date and grain number under different photoperiods.Our results revealed that under long-day(LD)conditions,Hd3a acts prior to RFT1 to promote heading while negatively regulating plant height and grain number.In contrast,Ghd7 positively regulates heading date,plant height,and grain number by inhibiting both Hd3a and RFT1.Under short-day(SD)conditions,the functions of Hd3a and RFT1 remain consistent with those under LD conditions,but Ghd7 does not inhibit their expression,resulting in a weaker phenotypic effect compared to Hd3a.Additionally,under both LD and SD conditions,increased Ghd7 expression enhances its inhibitory effect on Hd3a and RFT1,leading to later heading and increased grain number;however,once the heading date exceeds 94 d,grain number no longer increases.Moreover,the gn1a allele increased grain number by 16.5%to 42.5%,while combinations of the elite alleles from Ghd7,Hd3a,RFT1,and Gn1a significantly increased grain number by up to 240.9%.Therefore,we propose a new breeding strategy to optimize the heading date and grain number using the Ghd7Hd3aRFT1gn1a combination of Ghd7,Hd3a,RFT1,and Gn1a under LD conditions,and the Ghd7hd3aRFT1gn1a combination under SD conditions.This strategy improved the yield of the high-quality Northeast variety Kongyu 131(KY131)by 69.1%in Beijing and 93.7%in Hainan.This strategy will greatly improve the efficiency of north-to-south adaptation in rice,providing theoretical guidance for expanding the geographical adaptability of rice varieties.展开更多
The development of germplasm resources and advances in breeding methods have led to steady increases in yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Three milestones in the recent history of rice breeding have contrib...The development of germplasm resources and advances in breeding methods have led to steady increases in yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Three milestones in the recent history of rice breeding have contributed to these increases: dwarf rice breeding, hybrid rice breeding, and super rice breeding. On the 50th anniversary of the success of three-line hybrid rice,we highlight important scientific discoveries in rice breeding that were made by Chinese scientists and summarize the broader history of the field. We discuss the strategies that could be used in the future to optimize rice breeding further in the hope that China will continue to play a leading role in international rice breeding.展开更多
Volatilomics is essential for understanding the biological functions and fragrance contributions of plant volatiles.However,the annotation coverage achieved using current untargeted and widely targeted volatomics(WTV)...Volatilomics is essential for understanding the biological functions and fragrance contributions of plant volatiles.However,the annotation coverage achieved using current untargeted and widely targeted volatomics(WTV)methods has been limited by low sensitivity and/or low acquisition coverage.Here,we introduce WTV 2.0,which enabled the construction of a high-coverage library containing 2111 plant volatiles,and report the development of a comprehensive selective ion monitoring(cSIM)acquisition method,including the selection of characteristic qualitative ions with the minimal ion number for each compound and an optimized segmentation method,that can acquire the smallest but sufficient number of ions for most plant volatiles,as well as the automatic qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of cSIM data.Importantly,the library and acquisition method we developed can be self-expanded by incorporating compounds not present in the library,utilizing the obtained cSIM data.We showed that WTV 2.0 increases the median signal-to-noise ratio by 7.6-fold compared with the untargeted method,doubled the annotation coverage compared with the untargeted and WTV 1.0 methods in tomato fruit,and led to the discovery of menthofuran as a novel flavor compound in passion fruit.WTV 2.0 is a Python library with a user-friendly interface and is applicable to profiling of volatiles and primary metabolites in any species.展开更多
Rice(Oryza sativa L.)isa staplecropforhalf theworld's Ipopulation and an important contributor to world food security.The discovery and application of cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)and fertility restoration(Rf)ge...Rice(Oryza sativa L.)isa staplecropforhalf theworld's Ipopulation and an important contributor to world food security.The discovery and application of cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)and fertility restoration(Rf)genetic materials have allowed the production of three-line hybrid rice(Kim and Zhang,2018),successfully harnessing heterosis in crops.Three major CMS and/or Rf systems are commonly used to produce three-line hybrid rice:Wild Abortive(CMS-WA),Boroll(CMS-BT),and Honglian(CMS-HL).Among these,the CMS-WA system is the most widely employed(Sattari et al.,2007;Chen and Liu,2014;Huang et al.,2014).Several Rf genes from different CMS systems have been cloned in rice,including Rf4 for CMS-WA(Tang et al.,2014),Rf1a and Rf1b for CMS-BT(Wang et al.,2006),Rf5,and Rf6 for CMS-HL(Huet al.,2012;Huang et al.,2015),and Rf19for CMS-FA(Jiang et al.,2022).A molecular mechanism and evolutionary model for the CMS-WA gene WA352c have also been reported(Luo et al.,2013;Tang et al.,2017).展开更多
Karrikins and strigolactones govern plant development and environmental responses through closely related signaling pathways.The transcriptional repressor proteins SUPPRESSOR OF MAX21(SMAX1),SMAX1-like2(SMXL2),and D53...Karrikins and strigolactones govern plant development and environmental responses through closely related signaling pathways.The transcriptional repressor proteins SUPPRESSOR OF MAX21(SMAX1),SMAX1-like2(SMXL2),and D53-like SMXLs mediate karrikin and strigolactone signaling by directly binding downstream genes or byinhibiting the activities of transcription factors.In this study,we characterized the non-transcriptional regulatory activities of SMXL proteins in Arabidopsis.We discovered that SMAX1 and SMXL2 with mutations in their ethylene-responsefactor-associated amphiphilic repression(EAR)motif had undetectable or weak transcriptional repression activities but still partially rescued the hypocotyl elongation defects and fully reversed the cotyledon epinasty defects of the smax1 smxl2 mutant.SMAX1 and SMXL2 directly interact with PHYTOCHROME INTERACTION FACTOR4(PIF4)and PIF5 to enhance their protein stability by interacting with phytochrome B(phyB)and suppressing the association of phyB with PIF4 and PIF5.The karrikin-responsive genes were then identified by treatment with GR24ent-ssa,GR24 analog showing karrikin activity.Interestingly,INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 29(IAA29)expression was repressed by GR24^(ent-5D)streatment in a PIF4-and PIF5-dependent and EARindependent manner,whereas KARRIKIN UPREGULATED F-BOX 1(KUF1)expression was induced in a PIF4-and PIF5-independent and EAR-dependent manner.Furthermore,the non-transcriptional regulatory activity of SMAX1,which is independent of the EAR motif,had a global effect on gene expression.Taken together,these results indicate that non-transcriptional regulatory activities of SMAX1 and SMXL2 mediate karrikin-regulated seedling response to red light.展开更多
Maize(Zea mays)is one of the most important crops in the world,but its yield and quality are seriously affected by diverse diseases.Identifying broad-spectrum resistance genes is crucial for developing effective strat...Maize(Zea mays)is one of the most important crops in the world,but its yield and quality are seriously affected by diverse diseases.Identifying broad-spectrum resistance genes is crucial for developing effective strategies to control the disease in maize.In a genome-wide study in maize,we identified a G-type lectin receptor kinase ZmLecRK1,as a new resistance protein against Pythium aphanidermatum,one of the causal pathogens of stalk rot in maize.Genetic analysis showed that the specific ZmLecRK1 allele can confer resistance to multiple pathogens in maize.The cell death and disease resistance phenotype mediated by the resistant variant of ZmLecRK1 requires the co-receptor ZmBAK1.A naturally occurring A404S variant in the extracellular domain of ZmLecRK1 determines the ZmLecRK1-ZmBAK1 interaction and the formation of ZmLecRK1-related protein complexes.Interestingly,the ZmLecRK1 susceptible variant was found to possess the amino acid S404 that is present in the ancestral variants of ZmLecRK1 and conserved among the majority of grass species,while the resistance variant of ZmLecRK1 with A404 is only present in a few maize inbred lines.Substitution of S by A at position 404 in ZmLecRK1-like proteins of sorghum and rice greatly enhances their ability to induce cell death.Further transcriptomic analysis reveals that ZmLecRK1 likely regulates gene expression related to the pathways in cell wall organization or biogenesis in response to pathogen infection.Taken together,these results suggest that the ZmLecRK1 resistance variant enhances its binding affinity to the co-receptor ZmBAK1,thereby enhancing the formation of active complexes for defense in maize.Our work highlights the biotechnological potential for generating disease-resistant crops by precisely modulating the activity of ZmLecRK1 and its homologs through targeted base editing.展开更多
Despite recent advances in crop metabolomics,the genetic control and molecular basis of the wheat kernel metabolome at different developmental stages remain largely unknown.Here,we performed widely tar-geted metabolit...Despite recent advances in crop metabolomics,the genetic control and molecular basis of the wheat kernel metabolome at different developmental stages remain largely unknown.Here,we performed widely tar-geted metabolite profiling of kernels from three developmental stages(grain-filling kernels[FKs],mature kernels[MKs],and germinating kernels[GKs])using a population of 159 recombinant inbred lines.We de-tected 625 annotated metabolites and mapped 3173,3143,and 2644 metabolite quantitative trait loci(mQTLs)in FKs,MKs,and GKs,respectively.Only 52 mQTLs were mapped at all three stages,indicating the high stage specificity of the wheat kernel metabolome.Four candidate genes were functionally vali-dated by in vitro enzymatic reactions and/or transgenic approaches in wheat,three of which mediated the tricin metabolic pathway.Metaboliteflux efficiencies within the tricin pathway were evaluated,and su-perior candidate haplotypes were identified,comprehensively delineating the tricin metabolism pathway in wheat.Finally,additional wheat metabolic pathways were re-constructed by updating them to incorporate the 177 candidate genes identified in this study.Our work provides new information on variations in the wheat kernel metabolome and important molecular resources for improvement of wheat nutritional quality.展开更多
Genomic structural variations affected widely gene function and morphological traits in plants.Chromosomal inversions(INVs),as an important form of structural variation,can be large and extend to megabases in length[1...Genomic structural variations affected widely gene function and morphological traits in plants.Chromosomal inversions(INVs),as an important form of structural variation,can be large and extend to megabases in length[1],and form the genetic basis of local adaptation and ecotypic differentiation in sunflowers[2],Boechera stricta[3],monkeyflowers[4],mimetic butterflies[5]and ruffs[6],sex determination in nine-spined stickleback[7]and cancer and neurodevelopmental disease in human[8].At present,structural variants,and in particular,INVs,remain largely uncharacterized in plants despite their importance for local adaptation in a variety of species[1],with only a few studies exploring INVs polymorphisms at the population level.Hence,it remains unclear whether adaptive INVs can directly shape the genetic basis for diverse phenotypes in plants,especially in domesticated crops.展开更多
Hormone-activated proteolysis is a recurring theme of plant hormone signaling mechanisms.In strigolactone signaling,the enzyme receptor DWARF14(D14)and an F-box protein,MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2(MAX2),mark SUPPRESSOR OF M...Hormone-activated proteolysis is a recurring theme of plant hormone signaling mechanisms.In strigolactone signaling,the enzyme receptor DWARF14(D14)and an F-box protein,MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2(MAX2),mark SUPPRESSOR OF MAX21-LIKE(SMXL)family proteins SMXL6,SMXL7,and SMXL8 for rapid degradation.Removal of these transcriptional corepressors initiates downstream growth responses.The homologous proteins SMXL3,SMXL4,and SMXL5,however,are resistant to MAX2-mediated degradation.We discovered that the smxl4 smxl5 mutant has enhanced responses to strigolactone.SMXL5 attenuates strigolactone signaling by interfering with AtD14-SMXL7 interactions.SMXL5 interacts with AtD14 and SMXL7,providing two possible ways to inhibit SMXL7 degradation.SMXL5 function is partially dependent on an ethylene-responsive-element binding-factor-associated amphiphilic repression(EAR)motif,which typically mediates interactions with the TOPLESS family of transcriptional corepressors.However,we found that loss of the EAR motif reduces SMXL5-SMXL7 interactions and the attenuation of strigolactone signaling by SMXL5.We hypothesize that integration of SMXL5 into heteromeric SMXL complexes reduces the susceptibility of SMXL6/7/8 proteins to strigolactone-activated degradation and that the EAR motif promotes the formation or stability of these complexes.This mechanism may provide a way to spatially or temporally fine-tune strigolactone signaling through the regulation of SMXL5 expression or translation.展开更多
Heterotrimeric G proteins(G proteins)composed of Gα,Gβ,and G subunits are universal signaling modules in eukaryotes.In plants,G proteins regulate almost all aspects of biological processes,including plant growth,dev...Heterotrimeric G proteins(G proteins)composed of Gα,Gβ,and G subunits are universal signaling modules in eukaryotes.In plants,G proteins regulate almost all aspects of biological processes,including plant growth,development,responses to abiotic stresses and hormones,and plant-microbe interactions[1].展开更多
Phytohormones play important roles in orchestrating plantimmune responses to pathogen attacks.Strigolactones(SLs),a group of carotenoid-derived phytohormones,modulate diverse biological processes in plants,including s...Phytohormones play important roles in orchestrating plantimmune responses to pathogen attacks.Strigolactones(SLs),a group of carotenoid-derived phytohormones,modulate diverse biological processes in plants,including shoot branching,plant height,root architecture,leaf senescence,seed germination of parasitic plants,and symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(Burger and Chory,2020).Recently,increasing evidence has indicated potential roles for SLs in regulating responses against biotic stresses,including defense responses against certain pathogenic fungi and bacteria in roots and leaves(Yi et al.,2023).展开更多
Rice(Oryza sativa)is a significant crop worldwide with a genome shaped by various evolutionary factors.Rice centromeres are crucial for chromosome segregation,and contain some unreported genes.Due to the diverse and c...Rice(Oryza sativa)is a significant crop worldwide with a genome shaped by various evolutionary factors.Rice centromeres are crucial for chromosome segregation,and contain some unreported genes.Due to the diverse and complex centromere region,a comprehensive understanding of rice centromere structure and function at the population level is needed.We constructed a high-quality centromere map based on the rice super pangenome consisting of a 251-accession panel comprising both cultivated and wild species of Asian and African rice.We showed that rice centromeres have diverse satellite repeat CentO,which vary across chromosomes and subpopulations,reflecting their distinct evolutionary patterns.We also revealed that long terminal repeats(LTRs),especially young Gypsy-type LTRs,are abundant in the peripheral CentO-enriched regions and drive rice centromere expansion and evolution.Furthermore,high-quality genome assembly and complete telomere-to-telomere(T2T)reference genome enable us to obtain more centromeric genome information despite mapping and cloning of centromere genes being challenging.We investigated the association between structural variations and gene expression in the rice centromere.A centromere gene,OsMAB,which positively regulates rice tiller number,was further confirmed by expression quantitative trait loci,haplotype analysis and clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein9 methods.By revealing the new insights into the evolutionary patterns and biological roles of rice centromeres,our finding will facilitate future research on centromere biology and crop improvement.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32072048 and U2004204)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF1001200)+2 种基金China Rice Research Institute Basal Research Fund(Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202404)Academician Workstation of National Nanfan Research Institute(Sanya),Chinese Agricultural Academic Science(CAAS),(Grant Nos.YBXM2422 and YBXM2423)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS,China.
文摘The leucine-rich repeat(LRR)protein family is involved in a variety of fundamental metabolic and signaling processes in plants,including growth and defense responses.LRR proteins can be divided into two categories:those containing LRR domains along with other structural elements,which are further subdivided into five groups,LRR receptor-like kinases,LRR receptor-like proteins,nucleotide-binding site LRR proteins,LRR-extensin proteins,and polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins,and those containing only LRR domains.Functionally,various LRR proteins are primarily involved in plant development and responses to environmental stress.Notably,the LRR protein family plays a central role in signal transduction pathways related to stress adaptation.In this review,we classify and analyze the functions of LRR proteins in plants.While extensive research has been conducted on the roles of LRR proteins in disease resistance signaling,these proteins also play important roles in abiotic stress responses.This review highlights recent advances in understanding how LRR proteins mediate responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.Building upon these insights,further exploration of the roles of LRR proteins in abiotic stress resistance may aid efforts to develop rice varieties with enhanced stress and disease tolerance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101686)the Hebei Province Key Research and Development Program (22326306D).
文摘Total spikelet number per spike(TSS)is a crucial yield component in wheat.Dissecting and characterizing major stable quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with TSS can significantly enhance the genetic improvement of yield potential.In a previous study,we identified a stable major QTL for TSS,named QTss.cas-3D.In the present study,we conducted fine mapping of QTss.cas-3D,interval to approximately 6.35 Mb,ranging from 105.03 to 111.38 Mb,based on the IWGSC RefSeq v2.1.Through genome resequencing and gene function annotation,we identified TraesCS3D03G0308000(TaFT-D2)as the candidate gene.Phenotypic evaluation with paired near-isogenic lines revealed that this locus predominantly increases kernel number per spike by enhancing TSS and fertile spikelet number per spike,without significantly affecting thousand-kernel weight or tiller number.The presence of the TaFT-D2 allele in the parent P3228,which is rare in nature populations,highlights its potential value.This study provides a valuable gene resource and functional marker for wheat molecular breeding aimed at improving TSS and establishes a foundation for gene functional analysis of TaFT-D2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001491,32360493)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC0153,2022NSFSC1754,2023NSFSC1170)the Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province(2021YFYZ0016).
文摘The enzyme C-14 sterol reductase is involved in biosynthesis of brassinosteroids(BR)and sterols,as well as plant development.OsFK1,a member of the sterol biosynthesis pathway located in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER),encodes C-14 sterol reductase.However,there is little research on the function of C-14 sterol reductase in rice.Compared with the wild type,an osfk1 mutant showed dwarf phenotype and premature aging in the second leaf during the trefoil stage,and abnormal development of leaf veins during the tillering stage.The osfk1 mutant showed signs of aberrant PCD,as evidenced by TUNEL staining.This suggested that high ROS buildup caused DNA damage and ROS-mediated cell death in the mutant.The osfk1 mutant also showed decreased chlorophyll content and aberrant chloroplast structure.Sequencing of the osfk1 mutant allele revealed a non-synonymous G to A mutation in the final intron,leading to early termination.Here,we identified the OsFK1 allele,cloned it by Mutmap sequencing,and verified it by complementation.HPLC-MS/MS assays demonstrated that the osfk1 mutation caused lower phytosterol levels.These findings showed that the OsFK1 allele encoding C-14 sterol reductase is involved in phytosterol biosynthesis and mediates normal development of rice plants.
基金funded by the Major Scientific and Technological Projects of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps of China[2018AA005]and the 111 Project[B20051]supported by the PTM Biolabs lnc.[Hangzhou,China]for technical assistance.
文摘Reactive oxygen species(ROS)play a key role in a variety of biological processes,such as the perception of abiotic stress,the integration of different environmental signals,and the activation of stress response networks.Salt stress could induce an increased ROS accumulation in plants,disrupting intracellular redox homeostasis,leading to posttranslational modifications(PTMs)of specific proteins,and eventually causing adaptive changes in metabolism.Here,we performed an iodoTMT-based proteomic approach to identify the sulfenylated proteins in B.napus root responsing to salt stress.Totally,1348 sulfenylated sites in 751 proteins were identified and these proteins were widely existed in different cell compartments and processes.Our study revealed that proteins with changed abundance and sulfenylation level in B.napus root under salt stress were mainly enriched in the biological processes of ion binding,glycolysis,ATP binding,and oxidative stress response.This study displays a landscape of sulfenylated proteins response to salt stress in B.napus root and provides some theoretical support for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of redox regulation under salt stress in plants.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100213)the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(SCKJ-JYRC-2023-18)+2 种基金the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(222RC553,323RC423)the Hainan University Collaborative Innovation Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture(XTCX2022NYC09)the Hainan University Startup Fund(RZ2100003223).
文摘Solanaceae plants produce two major classes of valuable steroid-derived specialized metabolites:steroidal glycoalkaloids(SGAs)and steroidal saponins(STSs)(Grzech et al.,2025).SGAs are crucial in plant defense despite their anti-nutritional effects on humans.They also exhibit diverse biological activities,including anti-cancer,anti-microbial,anti-inflammatory,anti-viral,and anti-pyretic activities(Lucier et al.,2024).Similarly,STSs have garnered significant interest from the pharmaceutical,cosmetic,and food industries for many years due to their detergent-like properties(Grzech et al.,2025).However,the ecological roles of STSs are still unknown,and efforts to reconstitute the biosynthesis of SGAs and STSs in heterologous hosts have not been successful.A recent work,published in Science by Sarah E.O’Connor and Prashant D.Sonawane’s team,unveils a cellulose synthase-like protein(GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM15[GAME15])that is required for the biosynthesis of both SGAs and STSs and provides the first definitive evidence for STSs’role in plant defense(Boccia et al.,2024).This discovery elucidates the entire biosynthetic pathway of SGAs and STSs,opening up new opportunities for their metabolic engineering.
基金funded by the Heilongjiang Key Research and Development Program(2022ZX02B03)the Talent Program of Xizang Department of Science and Technology(2020Wz002)+1 种基金Science and Technology Service Network Initiative,Chengdu Branch,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-STS-QYZD-2021-22-005)the 2nd Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition Program(2019QZKK0502030402).
文摘Xizang,previously known as Tibet,is located in the southwest region of China and is the highest region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QzP),with an average altitude of over 4000 m.With the development of modern agriculture,the grain productivity in Xizang has been effectively improved.The total annual grain production has increased from 558,700 tons in 1988 to 1044,000 tons in 2018(Xizang Statistical Year Book).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41988101,32102523)。
文摘Wild aurochs(Bos primigenius)were once widespread across Eurasia and North Africa but became extinct around the 17th century[1].Aurochs are considered the ancestor of modern taurine(B.taurus taurus)and indicine(B.t.indicus)cattle,which were independently domesticated within regions restricted to Southwest Asia and South Asia,respectively[2,3].Extensive gene flow from local aurochs to domestic cattle has been well documented in Southwest Asia,Europe,and Africa[3,4],raising questions about the mechanisms underlying both the domestication and dispersal of early cattle.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1200400 and 2021YFF1001000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102523,32372854,31861143014,32260823,and 32172706)+5 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Xizang Autonomous Region of China(XZ202301ZY0008N)the Yunnan Expert Workstations(202305AF150156),the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-37)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20232149)the Program of Yunling Scholar and Yunling Cattle Special Program of Yunnan Joint Laboratory of Seeds and Seeding Industry(202205AR070001)the Construction of Yunling Cattle Technology Innovation Center and Industrialization of Achievements(2019ZG007)Finally,we thank the High-Performance Computing(HPC)Center of Northwest A&F University(NWAFU)and Hefei Advanced Computing Center for providing computing resources.
文摘During the past 3000 years,cattle on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau have developed adaptive phenotypes under the selective pressure of hypoxia,ultraviolet(UV)radiation,and extreme cold.The genetic mechanism underlying this rapid adaptation is not yet well understood.Here,we present whole-genome resequencing data for 258 cattle from 32 cattle breeds/populations,including 89 Tibetan cattle representing eight populations distributed at altitudes ranging from 3400 m to 4300 m.Our genomic analysis revealed that Tibetan cattle exhibited a continuous phylogeographic cline from the East Asian taurine to the South Asian indicine ancestries.We found that recently selected genes in Tibetan cattle were related to body size(HMGA2 and NCAPG)and energy expenditure(DUOXA2).We identified signals of sympatric introgression from yak into Tibetan cattle at different altitudes,covering 0.64%–3.26%of their genomes,which included introgressed genes responsible for hypoxia response(EGLN1),cold adaptation(LRP11),DNA damage repair(LATS1),and UV radiation resistance(GNPAT).We observed that introgressed yak alleles were associated with noncoding variants,including those in present EGLN1.In Tibetan cattle,three yak introgressed SNPs in the EGLN1 promoter region reduced the expression of EGLN1,suggesting that these genomic variants enhance hypoxia tolerance.Taken together,our results indicated complex adaptation processes in Tibetan cattle,where recently selected genes and introgressed yak alleles jointly facilitated rapid adaptation to high-altitude environments.
基金supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24010101)the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD04077)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1001200)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LD24C130001)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)of CAAS。
文摘A later heading date generally leads to higher grain yield in favorable ecological regions;however,grain yield reaches a limit as the heading date exceeds a certain threshold.Ghd7 is the first cloned major gene that regulates heading date,plant height and grain number.Here,we investigated the relationship between Ghd7 and florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1,to determine their roles in regulating heading date and grain number under different photoperiods.Our results revealed that under long-day(LD)conditions,Hd3a acts prior to RFT1 to promote heading while negatively regulating plant height and grain number.In contrast,Ghd7 positively regulates heading date,plant height,and grain number by inhibiting both Hd3a and RFT1.Under short-day(SD)conditions,the functions of Hd3a and RFT1 remain consistent with those under LD conditions,but Ghd7 does not inhibit their expression,resulting in a weaker phenotypic effect compared to Hd3a.Additionally,under both LD and SD conditions,increased Ghd7 expression enhances its inhibitory effect on Hd3a and RFT1,leading to later heading and increased grain number;however,once the heading date exceeds 94 d,grain number no longer increases.Moreover,the gn1a allele increased grain number by 16.5%to 42.5%,while combinations of the elite alleles from Ghd7,Hd3a,RFT1,and Gn1a significantly increased grain number by up to 240.9%.Therefore,we propose a new breeding strategy to optimize the heading date and grain number using the Ghd7Hd3aRFT1gn1a combination of Ghd7,Hd3a,RFT1,and Gn1a under LD conditions,and the Ghd7hd3aRFT1gn1a combination under SD conditions.This strategy improved the yield of the high-quality Northeast variety Kongyu 131(KY131)by 69.1%in Beijing and 93.7%in Hainan.This strategy will greatly improve the efficiency of north-to-south adaptation in rice,providing theoretical guidance for expanding the geographical adaptability of rice varieties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32188102)the Rescue Conservation of Rare and Endangered Germplasm Resources of Major Grain and Oil Crops (2021YFD1200100)the Key R&D Programs of Hainan Province (ZDYF2022XDNY260)。
文摘The development of germplasm resources and advances in breeding methods have led to steady increases in yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Three milestones in the recent history of rice breeding have contributed to these increases: dwarf rice breeding, hybrid rice breeding, and super rice breeding. On the 50th anniversary of the success of three-line hybrid rice,we highlight important scientific discoveries in rice breeding that were made by Chinese scientists and summarize the broader history of the field. We discuss the strategies that could be used in the future to optimize rice breeding further in the hope that China will continue to play a leading role in international rice breeding.
基金supported by key project of regional joint fund of National Natural Science FoundationNational Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20476)Hainan international science and technology cooperation research and development project(GHYF2023005)+3 种基金Sanya Yazhou Sci-Tech City(SYND-2022-02).)Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab(Nono.B21HJ0903)“111”Project111 Project(Nono.D20024).)Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(320MS011).)‘PhD Scientific Research and Innovation Foundation of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(HSPHDSRF-2023-12-001).)’Basic Research Project in 2023 of Yazhouwan National Laboratory.
文摘Volatilomics is essential for understanding the biological functions and fragrance contributions of plant volatiles.However,the annotation coverage achieved using current untargeted and widely targeted volatomics(WTV)methods has been limited by low sensitivity and/or low acquisition coverage.Here,we introduce WTV 2.0,which enabled the construction of a high-coverage library containing 2111 plant volatiles,and report the development of a comprehensive selective ion monitoring(cSIM)acquisition method,including the selection of characteristic qualitative ions with the minimal ion number for each compound and an optimized segmentation method,that can acquire the smallest but sufficient number of ions for most plant volatiles,as well as the automatic qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of cSIM data.Importantly,the library and acquisition method we developed can be self-expanded by incorporating compounds not present in the library,utilizing the obtained cSIM data.We showed that WTV 2.0 increases the median signal-to-noise ratio by 7.6-fold compared with the untargeted method,doubled the annotation coverage compared with the untargeted and WTV 1.0 methods in tomato fruit,and led to the discovery of menthofuran as a novel flavor compound in passion fruit.WTV 2.0 is a Python library with a user-friendly interface and is applicable to profiling of volatiles and primary metabolites in any species.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFD1200101).
文摘Rice(Oryza sativa L.)isa staplecropforhalf theworld's Ipopulation and an important contributor to world food security.The discovery and application of cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)and fertility restoration(Rf)genetic materials have allowed the production of three-line hybrid rice(Kim and Zhang,2018),successfully harnessing heterosis in crops.Three major CMS and/or Rf systems are commonly used to produce three-line hybrid rice:Wild Abortive(CMS-WA),Boroll(CMS-BT),and Honglian(CMS-HL).Among these,the CMS-WA system is the most widely employed(Sattari et al.,2007;Chen and Liu,2014;Huang et al.,2014).Several Rf genes from different CMS systems have been cloned in rice,including Rf4 for CMS-WA(Tang et al.,2014),Rf1a and Rf1b for CMS-BT(Wang et al.,2006),Rf5,and Rf6 for CMS-HL(Huet al.,2012;Huang et al.,2015),and Rf19for CMS-FA(Jiang et al.,2022).A molecular mechanism and evolutionary model for the CMS-WA gene WA352c have also been reported(Luo et al.,2013;Tang et al.,2017).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170320,32122012,and 32270327)the Hebei Natural Science Foundation(C2022503003)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y2023025).
文摘Karrikins and strigolactones govern plant development and environmental responses through closely related signaling pathways.The transcriptional repressor proteins SUPPRESSOR OF MAX21(SMAX1),SMAX1-like2(SMXL2),and D53-like SMXLs mediate karrikin and strigolactone signaling by directly binding downstream genes or byinhibiting the activities of transcription factors.In this study,we characterized the non-transcriptional regulatory activities of SMXL proteins in Arabidopsis.We discovered that SMAX1 and SMXL2 with mutations in their ethylene-responsefactor-associated amphiphilic repression(EAR)motif had undetectable or weak transcriptional repression activities but still partially rescued the hypocotyl elongation defects and fully reversed the cotyledon epinasty defects of the smax1 smxl2 mutant.SMAX1 and SMXL2 directly interact with PHYTOCHROME INTERACTION FACTOR4(PIF4)and PIF5 to enhance their protein stability by interacting with phytochrome B(phyB)and suppressing the association of phyB with PIF4 and PIF5.The karrikin-responsive genes were then identified by treatment with GR24ent-ssa,GR24 analog showing karrikin activity.Interestingly,INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 29(IAA29)expression was repressed by GR24^(ent-5D)streatment in a PIF4-and PIF5-dependent and EARindependent manner,whereas KARRIKIN UPREGULATED F-BOX 1(KUF1)expression was induced in a PIF4-and PIF5-independent and EAR-dependent manner.Furthermore,the non-transcriptional regulatory activity of SMAX1,which is independent of the EAR motif,had a global effect on gene expression.Taken together,these results indicate that non-transcriptional regulatory activities of SMAX1 and SMXL2 mediate karrikin-regulated seedling response to red light.
基金supported by Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(no.2023ZD04070,W.Z.)the National Key Research and Development Program,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(no.2022YFD1201802,W.Z.)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.32472499,W.Z.)the Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund(no.PC2023A01005,Y.-L.P.).
文摘Maize(Zea mays)is one of the most important crops in the world,but its yield and quality are seriously affected by diverse diseases.Identifying broad-spectrum resistance genes is crucial for developing effective strategies to control the disease in maize.In a genome-wide study in maize,we identified a G-type lectin receptor kinase ZmLecRK1,as a new resistance protein against Pythium aphanidermatum,one of the causal pathogens of stalk rot in maize.Genetic analysis showed that the specific ZmLecRK1 allele can confer resistance to multiple pathogens in maize.The cell death and disease resistance phenotype mediated by the resistant variant of ZmLecRK1 requires the co-receptor ZmBAK1.A naturally occurring A404S variant in the extracellular domain of ZmLecRK1 determines the ZmLecRK1-ZmBAK1 interaction and the formation of ZmLecRK1-related protein complexes.Interestingly,the ZmLecRK1 susceptible variant was found to possess the amino acid S404 that is present in the ancestral variants of ZmLecRK1 and conserved among the majority of grass species,while the resistance variant of ZmLecRK1 with A404 is only present in a few maize inbred lines.Substitution of S by A at position 404 in ZmLecRK1-like proteins of sorghum and rice greatly enhances their ability to induce cell death.Further transcriptomic analysis reveals that ZmLecRK1 likely regulates gene expression related to the pathways in cell wall organization or biogenesis in response to pathogen infection.Taken together,these results suggest that the ZmLecRK1 resistance variant enhances its binding affinity to the co-receptor ZmBAK1,thereby enhancing the formation of active complexes for defense in maize.Our work highlights the biotechnological potential for generating disease-resistant crops by precisely modulating the activity of ZmLecRK1 and its homologs through targeted base editing.
基金supported by the National Major Program of China (2023ZD0406903)the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scientists of Hubei Province (2021CFA058)+2 种基金the Young Topnotch Talent Cultivation Program of Hubei Provincethe National Natural Science Foundation of China (32001541)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021T140246).
文摘Despite recent advances in crop metabolomics,the genetic control and molecular basis of the wheat kernel metabolome at different developmental stages remain largely unknown.Here,we performed widely tar-geted metabolite profiling of kernels from three developmental stages(grain-filling kernels[FKs],mature kernels[MKs],and germinating kernels[GKs])using a population of 159 recombinant inbred lines.We de-tected 625 annotated metabolites and mapped 3173,3143,and 2644 metabolite quantitative trait loci(mQTLs)in FKs,MKs,and GKs,respectively.Only 52 mQTLs were mapped at all three stages,indicating the high stage specificity of the wheat kernel metabolome.Four candidate genes were functionally vali-dated by in vitro enzymatic reactions and/or transgenic approaches in wheat,three of which mediated the tricin metabolic pathway.Metaboliteflux efficiencies within the tricin pathway were evaluated,and su-perior candidate haplotypes were identified,comprehensively delineating the tricin metabolism pathway in wheat.Finally,additional wheat metabolic pathways were re-constructed by updating them to incorporate the 177 candidate genes identified in this study.Our work provides new information on variations in the wheat kernel metabolome and important molecular resources for improvement of wheat nutritional quality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32188102 and 32372148)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0139400)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023B1515020053)the Youth Innovation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y20230C36).
文摘Genomic structural variations affected widely gene function and morphological traits in plants.Chromosomal inversions(INVs),as an important form of structural variation,can be large and extend to megabases in length[1],and form the genetic basis of local adaptation and ecotypic differentiation in sunflowers[2],Boechera stricta[3],monkeyflowers[4],mimetic butterflies[5]and ruffs[6],sex determination in nine-spined stickleback[7]and cancer and neurodevelopmental disease in human[8].At present,structural variants,and in particular,INVs,remain largely uncharacterized in plants despite their importance for local adaptation in a variety of species[1],with only a few studies exploring INVs polymorphisms at the population level.Hence,it remains unclear whether adaptive INVs can directly shape the genetic basis for diverse phenotypes in plants,especially in domesticated crops.
基金provided by the National Science Foundation,Division of Integrative Organismal Systems(grants 1737153,1740560,and 1856741)to D.C.N.the Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory(grant B23C19701)to Q.L.+5 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant 2021YFA1300400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 32070321)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(grant 2021Szvup037)to R.Y.the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 32170320)Hebei Natural Science Foundation(grant C2022503003)to L.W.the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(grant GR 2104/9-1)to T.G.
文摘Hormone-activated proteolysis is a recurring theme of plant hormone signaling mechanisms.In strigolactone signaling,the enzyme receptor DWARF14(D14)and an F-box protein,MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2(MAX2),mark SUPPRESSOR OF MAX21-LIKE(SMXL)family proteins SMXL6,SMXL7,and SMXL8 for rapid degradation.Removal of these transcriptional corepressors initiates downstream growth responses.The homologous proteins SMXL3,SMXL4,and SMXL5,however,are resistant to MAX2-mediated degradation.We discovered that the smxl4 smxl5 mutant has enhanced responses to strigolactone.SMXL5 attenuates strigolactone signaling by interfering with AtD14-SMXL7 interactions.SMXL5 interacts with AtD14 and SMXL7,providing two possible ways to inhibit SMXL7 degradation.SMXL5 function is partially dependent on an ethylene-responsive-element binding-factor-associated amphiphilic repression(EAR)motif,which typically mediates interactions with the TOPLESS family of transcriptional corepressors.However,we found that loss of the EAR motif reduces SMXL5-SMXL7 interactions and the attenuation of strigolactone signaling by SMXL5.We hypothesize that integration of SMXL5 into heteromeric SMXL complexes reduces the susceptibility of SMXL6/7/8 proteins to strigolactone-activated degradation and that the EAR motif promotes the formation or stability of these complexes.This mechanism may provide a way to spatially or temporally fine-tune strigolactone signaling through the regulation of SMXL5 expression or translation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300260 and 32270282)Double First-class Discipline Promotion Project(2021B10564001).
文摘Heterotrimeric G proteins(G proteins)composed of Gα,Gβ,and G subunits are universal signaling modules in eukaryotes.In plants,G proteins regulate almost all aspects of biological processes,including plant growth,development,responses to abiotic stresses and hormones,and plant-microbe interactions[1].
基金supported by NSFC(32072043,32272116,32122012)Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation(171023)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023ZYD0086,2023NSFSC0155,2023NSFSC1937,2024NSFTD0022).
文摘Phytohormones play important roles in orchestrating plantimmune responses to pathogen attacks.Strigolactones(SLs),a group of carotenoid-derived phytohormones,modulate diverse biological processes in plants,including shoot branching,plant height,root architecture,leaf senescence,seed germination of parasitic plants,and symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(Burger and Chory,2020).Recently,increasing evidence has indicated potential roles for SLs in regulating responses against biotic stresses,including defense responses against certain pathogenic fungi and bacteria in roots and leaves(Yi et al.,2023).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32188102,32372148)Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,the Youth Innovation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y20230C36)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023B1515020053)the Youth Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research(2021A1515111123)。
文摘Rice(Oryza sativa)is a significant crop worldwide with a genome shaped by various evolutionary factors.Rice centromeres are crucial for chromosome segregation,and contain some unreported genes.Due to the diverse and complex centromere region,a comprehensive understanding of rice centromere structure and function at the population level is needed.We constructed a high-quality centromere map based on the rice super pangenome consisting of a 251-accession panel comprising both cultivated and wild species of Asian and African rice.We showed that rice centromeres have diverse satellite repeat CentO,which vary across chromosomes and subpopulations,reflecting their distinct evolutionary patterns.We also revealed that long terminal repeats(LTRs),especially young Gypsy-type LTRs,are abundant in the peripheral CentO-enriched regions and drive rice centromere expansion and evolution.Furthermore,high-quality genome assembly and complete telomere-to-telomere(T2T)reference genome enable us to obtain more centromeric genome information despite mapping and cloning of centromere genes being challenging.We investigated the association between structural variations and gene expression in the rice centromere.A centromere gene,OsMAB,which positively regulates rice tiller number,was further confirmed by expression quantitative trait loci,haplotype analysis and clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein9 methods.By revealing the new insights into the evolutionary patterns and biological roles of rice centromeres,our finding will facilitate future research on centromere biology and crop improvement.
